Skip to main content
Log in

Direct Parenting Methods to Facilitate the Social Functioning of Children with Cerebral Palsy

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Studies with typically developing children have supported the efficacy of parents’ direct efforts to facilitate social development. In this study, it was hypothesized that use of direct parenting methods would be associated with aspects of social functioning of children with cerebral palsy. Study participants were 60 children with cerebral palsy, ages 5–12 (M = 8.75; SD = 1.82), 62.3% male and their parents or guardians. Direct parenting methods were assessed with a modified empirically validated survey strategy. In contrast with findings from the typically developing population, there were no significant associations between direct parenting methods and children’s social functioning. Findings suggest the need to develop alternative models of multidimensional influences on social development of children with cerebral palsy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Antonucci, T. C., & Israel, B. A. (1986). Veridicality of social support: A comparison of principal and network member’s responses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 432–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asher, S. R., Parker, J. G., & Walker, D. L. (1998). Distinguishing friendship from acceptance: Implications for intervention and assessment. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The Company They Keep: Friendship During Childhood and Adolescence. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berndt, T. J., & Diaz, R. (1982). Children’s knowledge of a best friend: Fact or fancy? Developmental Psychology, 18(6), 787–794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhavnagri, N. P. (1987). Parents as facilitators of preschool children’s peer relationships. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

  • Boyum, L. A., & Parke, R. D. (1995). The role of family emotional expressiveness in the development of children’s social competence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(3), 593–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., Bandura, A., & Zimbardo, P. (2000). Prosocial foundations of children’s academic achievement. Psychological Science, 11(4), 302–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psycholological Bulletin, 115, 74–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, S., Thomas, P. D., & Warschausky, S. (2007). Gender differences in peer relations of children with neurodevelopmental conditions. Rehabilitation Psychology, 52, 331–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartup, W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67(1), 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmbeck, G. N., Millstein Coakley, R. B., Hommeyer, J. S., Shapera, W. E., & Westhoven, V. C. (2002). Observed and perceived dyadic and systemic functioning in families of pre-adolescents with spina bifida. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(2), 177–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isley, S. L., O’Neil, R., Clatfelter, D., & Parke, R. D. (1999). Parent and child expressed affect and children’s social competence: Modeling direct and indirect pathways. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 547–560.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janusz, J. A., Kirkwood, M. W., Yeates, K. O., & Taylor, H. G. (2002). Social problem-solving skills in children with traumatic brain injury: Long-term outcomes and prediction of social competence. Child Neuropsychology, 8(3), 170–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, L. F., & Gottman, I. M. (1993). Patterns of marital conflict predict children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 29, 940–950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns, K. A., Cole, A., & Andrews, P. B. (1998). Attachment security, parent peer management practices, and peer relationships in preschoolers. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 44(4), 504–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M. (1990). Social consequences of pediatric conditions: Fertile area for future investigation and intervention? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15(3), 285–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, G. W., Profilet, S. M., & Hart, C. H. (1992). Parents’ management of children's peer relations: Facilitating and supervising children's activities in the peer culture. In R. D. Parke, & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Family peer relationships: Modes of linkage (pp. 215–253). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavigne, J. V., & Faier-Routman, J. (1992). Psychological adjustment to pediatric physical disorders: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17, 133–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer, S. A., Sinnema, G., Bijstra, J. O., Mellenbergh, G. J., & Wolters, W. H. G. (2000). Social functioning in children with a chronic illness. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 41(3), 309–317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nassau, J. H., & Drotar, D. (1997). Social competence among children with central nervous system-related chronic health conditions: A review. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(6), 771–793.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. G., & Hererra, C. (1996). Interpersonal processes in friendship: A comparison of maltreated and nonmaltreated children’s experiences. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 1025–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpkins, S. D., & Parke, R. D. (2001). The relations between parental friendships and children’s friendships: Self-report and observational analysis. Child Development, 72(2), 569–582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpkins, S. D., & Parke, R. D. (2002). Maternal monitoring and rules as correlates of children’s social adjustment. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 48(4), 360–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, H. G., Yeates, K. O., Wade, S. L., Drotar, D., Stancin, T., & Burant, C. (2001). Bidirectional child–family influences on outcomes of traumatic brain injury in children. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 755–767.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varni, J. W., Katz, E. R., Colegrove, R., & Dolgin, M. (1994). Perceived social support and adjustment of children with newly diagnosed cancer. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15, 20–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varni, J. W., Rubenfeld, L. A., Talbot, D., & Setoguchi, Y. (1989). Determination of self-esteem in children with congenital/acquired limb deficiencies. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 10, 13–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warschausky, S., Argento, A., Berg, M. L., & Hurvitz, E. (2003). Neuropsychological status and social problem solving in children with congenital and acquired brain dysfunction. Rehabilitation Psychology, 48, 250–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warschausky, S., Cohen, E., Parker, J. G., Levendosky, A., & Okun, A. (1997). Social problem solving skills of children with traumatic brain injury. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 1(2), 77–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Drotar, D., Wade, S. L., Klein, S., Stancin, T., et al. (1997). Preinjury family environment as a determinant of recovery from traumatic brain injuries in school-age children. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 617–630.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Ackowledgement

This study was supported by grants from the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, H324N010010 & H324M020077.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seth Warschausky.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dixon Thomas, P., Warschausky, S., Golin, R. et al. Direct Parenting Methods to Facilitate the Social Functioning of Children with Cerebral Palsy. J Dev Phys Disabil 20, 167–174 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-007-9087-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-007-9087-z

Keywords

Navigation