Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Two birds with one stone: SmCl3 modified TiO2/perovskite interface to enhance the performance of carbon-based perovskite solar cell

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Carbon-based organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) are low-cost photovoltaic cells. However, the carrier recombination caused by interface defects and the mismatched interface energy level limits the further improvement of the efficiency of C-PSCs. In this work, SmCl3 was introduced as a “double-sided” modifier to achieve interfacial modification. After modified, Cl− passivated the oxygen vacancy defects on the TiO2 surface. Meanwhile, Sm3+ was diffused into the perovskite interface in the form of a concentration gradient, which balanced the non-coordinated Pb2+ and improved the energy level arrangement. Due to good interfacial contact, the reduced interfacial non-radiative recombination, and rapid charge extraction and transport, the optimized C-PSCs efficiency was increased from 11.03 to 13.4%. In addition, the unencapsulated champion PSC remained stable for long-term stability after the sustained attack for 800 h at room temperature of 20% RH. This work proposed a straightforward interface modification strategy to improve the efficiency of C-PSCs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The date that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. H. Zhang, X. Ji, H. Yao, Q. Fan, B. Yu, J. Li, Sol Energy. 233, 421–434 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Y.F. Yang, Y.J. Zhang, L.Y. Bai, D.M. Malouangou, J.T. Matondo, J.H. Pan, S.Y. Dai, M.L. Cai, X.P. Liu, M. Guli, J. Mater. Chem. C 10, 819–839 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. NREL, Best research-cell efficiencies. https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html. (2023)

  4. H.S. Kim, I. Mora-Sero, V. Gonzalez-Pedro, F. Fabregat-Santiago, E.J. Juarez-Perez, N.G. Park, J. Bisquert, Nat. Commun. 4, 22–42 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  5. T. Kim, J. Lim, S. Song, Energies. 13, 5572–5588 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. X. Zhang, Z. Yu, D. Zhang, Q. Tai, X.Z. Zhao, Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 2201320–2201363 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. L. Li, R. Zhang, Z. Wu, Y. Wang, J. Hong, H. Rao, Z. Pan, X. Zhong, Chem. Eng. J. 455, 140566–140575 (2023)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. W. Yu, X. Sun, M. Xiao, T. Hou, X. Liu, B. Zheng, H. Yu, M. Zhang, Y. Huang, X. Hao, Nano Res. 15, 85–103 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. J. Xia, M. Sohail, M.K. Nazeeruddin, Adv. Mater. 35, e2211324 (2023)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. N. Jiang, Z. Zheng, C. Qin, R. Liang, Z. Li, Z. Ye, L. Zhu, Ceram. Int. 49, 9502–9511 (2023)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. D. Beynon, E. Parvazian, K. Hooper, J. McGettrick, R. Patidar, T. Dunlop, Z. Wei, P. Davies, R. Garcia-Rodriguez, M. Carnie, M. Davies, T. Watson, Adv. Mater. 35, e2208561 (2023)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Kang, H. Bi, M. Guo, Y. Guo, H. Zou, G. Han, W. Hou, Mater. Today Energy. 31, 101227–101236 (2023)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Pang, C. Zhang, H. Dong, Z. Zhang, D. Chen, W. Zhu, J. Chang, Z. Lin, J. Zhang, Y. Hao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 13, 10110–10119 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. P. Zhu, S. Gu, X. Luo, Y. Gao, S. Li, J. Zhu, H. Tan, Adv. Energy Mater. 10, e1903083 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. M. Li, Y. Huan, X. Yan, Z. Kang, Y. Guo, Y. Li, X. Liao, R. Zhang, Y. Zhang, ChemSusChem 11, 171–177 (2018)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. R. Xu, Y. Li, S. Feng, J. Wang, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, C. Bian, W. Fu, Z. Li, H. Yang, J. Mater. Sci. 55, 5681–5689 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. W.S. Subhani, K. Wang, M. Du, X. Wang, S. Liu, Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1803785–1803794 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. H.R. Tan, A. Jain, O. Voznyy, X.Z. Lan, de F.P.G. Arquer, J.Z. Fan, R. Quintero-Bermudez, M.J. Yuan, B. Zhang, Y.C. Zhao, F.J. Fan, P.C. Li, L.N. Quan, Y.B. Zhao, Z.H. Lu, Z.Y. Yang, S. Hoogland, E.H. Sargent, Sci. 355, 722–726 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. X. Li, B. He, Z. Gong, J. Zhu, W. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Duan, Q. Tang, Solar RRL. 4, 2000362–2000372 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Z. Li, Q. Xu, Q. Sun, Z. Hou, W.J. Yin, Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1807280–1807289 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Jin, Z. Zeng, H. Fu, S. Wang, Z. Yin, X. Zhai, Q. Zhang, Y. Du, JACS Au. 3, 216–226 (2023)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. G.C. Pan, X. Bai, D.W. Yang, X. Chen, P.T. Jing, S.N. Qu, L.J. Zhang, D.L. Zhou, J.Y. Zhu, W. Xu, B. Dong, H.W. Song, Nano Lett. 17, 8005–8011 (2017)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Z.C. Li, B.L. Zhang, Z.H. Zhang, J.C. Bunzli, A.B. Yusoff, Y.Y. Noh, P. Gao, Mater. Sci. Eng. R-Rep. 152, 100710–100745 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. A. Krishna, H. Zhang, Z. Zhou, T. Gallet, M. Dankl, O. Ouellette, F.T. Eickemeyer, F. Fu, S. Sanchez, M. Mensi, S.M. Zakeeruddin, U. Rothlisberger, G.N. Manjunatha Reddy, A. Redinger, M. Gratzel, A. Hagfeldt, Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 5552–5562 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. S. Liu, J. Lyu, D. Zhou, X. Zhuang, Z. Shi, R. Sun, L. Liu, Y. Wu, B. Liu, D. Liu, H. Song, Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2112647–2112658 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. B.B. Li, F. Tian, X.Q. Cui, B.Y. Xiang, H.B. Zhao, H.X. Zhang, D.K. Wang, J.H. Li, X.H. Wang, X. Fang, M.X. Qiu, D.B. Wang, Nanomaterials. 12, 1773–1797 (2022)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. C. Li, N. Zhang, P. Gao, Mater. Chem. Front. 7(18), 3797–3802 (2023)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. R. Wang, J. Wu, S. Wei, J. Zhu, M. Guo, Q. Zheng, M. Wei, S. Cheng, J. Power Sources. 544, 231870–231881 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. D. Li, Y. Chen, C. Zhou, C. Shi, Z. Xu, Z. Miao, Z. Xi, J. Han, Mater. Chem. Front. 8, 715–731 (2024)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. Busby, A. Agresti, S. Pescetelli, Di A. Carlo, C. Noel, J.-J. Pireaux, L. Houssiau, Mater. Today Energy. 9, 1–10 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. J. Duan, Y. Zhao, X. Yang, Y. Wang, B. He, Q. Tang, Adv. Energy Mater. 8(31), 1802346 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. J. Zhu, Y. Liu, B. He, W. Zhang, L. Cui, S. Wang, H. Chen, Y. Duan, Q. Tang, Chem. Eng. J. 428, 131950–131958 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J. Ti, J. Zhu, B. He, Z. Zong, X. Yao, R. Tui, H. Huang, C. Chen, H. Chen, Y. Duan, Q. Tang, J. Mater. Chem. A 10, 6649–6661 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Z. Yang, B.H. Babu, S. Wu, T. Liu, S. Fang, Z. Xiong, L. Han, W. Chen, Solar RRL. 4, 1900257 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. L. Canil, T. Cramer, B. Fraboni, D. Ricciarelli, D. Meggiolaro, A. Singh, M. Liu, M. Rusu, C.M. Wolff, N. Phung, Q. Wang, D. Neher, T. Unold, P. Vivo, A. Gagliardi, De F. Angelis, A. Abate, Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 1429–1438 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. D. Luo, X. Li, A. Dumont, H. Yu, Z.H. Lu, Adv. Mater. 33, e2006004 (2021)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. J. Zhu, M. Tang, B. He, W. Zhang, X. Li, Z. Gong, H. Chen, Y. Duan, Q. Tang, J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 20987–20997 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. D. Xu, J. Wang, Y. Duan, S. Yang, H. Zou, L. Yang, N. Zhang, H. Zhou, X. Lei, M. Wu, S. Liu, Z. Liu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(44), 2304037–2304046 (2023)

  39. G. Xie, X. Lu, J. Duan, Y. Dong, X. Jiang, F. Tu, Y. Duan, Q. Tang, J. Mater. Chem. A 9, 15003–15011 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Q. Dong, C. Zhu, M. Chen, C. Jiang, J. Guo, Y. Feng, Z. Dai, S.K. Yadavalli, M. Hu, X. Cao, Y. Li, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, Y. Shi, L. Wang, N.P. Padture, Y. Zhou, Nat. Commun. 12, 973 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. F. Li, X. Huang, C. Ma, J. Xue, Y. Li, D. Kim, H.S. Yang, Y. Zhang, B.R. Lee, J. Kim, B. Wu, S.H. Park, Adv. Sci. 10, e2301603 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. S. Nešpůrek, O. Zmeškal, J. Sworakowski, Thin Solid Films. 516, 8949–8962 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. J. Liang, C. Chen, X. Hu, Z. Chen, X. Zheng, J. Li, H. Wang, F. Ye, M. Xiao, Z. Lu, Y. Xu, S. Zhang, R. Yu, C. Tao, G. Fang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12, 48458–48466 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. R.H. Bube, J. Appl. Phys. 33, 1733–1737 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. T. Bu, X. Liu, Y. Zhou, J. Yi, X. Huang, L. Luo, J. Xiao, Z. Ku, Y. Peng, F. Huang, Y.-B. Cheng, J. Zhong, Energy Environ. Sci. 10, 2509–2515 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. S. Zhang, H. Si, W. Fan, M. Shi, M. Li, C. Xu, Z. Zhang, Q. Liao, A. Sattar, Z. Kang, Y. Zhang, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 59, 11573–11582 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. T. Kirchartz, J.A. Márquez, M. Stolterfoht, T. Unold, Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1904134–1904155 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Y. Zhang, X. Liu, P. Li, Y. Duan, X. Hu, F. Li, Y. Song, Nano Energy. 56, 733–740 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. M. Zhu, L. Qin, Y. Xia, Y. Hu, X. Song, D. Hong, Y. Tian, Z. Tie, Z. Jin, Sustain. Energ. Fuels. 7, 4127–4135 (2023)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. M.V. Khenkin, E.A. Katz, A. Abate, G. Bardizza, M. Lira-Cantu, Nat. Energy. 5, 35–49 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [51772178].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Lixiong Yin, Yao Guo, Luyao Li, Dejiang Fan, Jianfeng Huang, Qinghua Zhang, Tao Wang & Yufei Chen

  2. College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021, Shaanxi, China

    Changqing Liu

Authors
  1. Lixiong Yin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yao Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Changqing Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Luyao Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dejiang Fan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jianfeng Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Qinghua Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Tao Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Yufei Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Yao Guo, Changqing Liu, Luyao Li, Dejiang Fan, Jianfeng Huang, Qinghua Zhang, Tao Wang, Yufei Chen. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Lixiong Yin and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lixiong Yin.

Ethics declarations

Competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 2981.8 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yin, L., Guo, Y., Liu, C. et al. Two birds with one stone: SmCl3 modified TiO2/perovskite interface to enhance the performance of carbon-based perovskite solar cell. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 35, 538 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12299-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12299-9

Search

Navigation