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Synthesis of cadmium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles via sol–gel method for ethanol gas sensing application

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Abstract

Pristine- and Cadmium-doped Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (\({\mathrm{Zn}}_{1-x}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{x}\) O) with 1-wt% and 3-wt% Cadmium concentrations have been synthesized via the sol–gel technique. The XRD results confirmed that the prepared nanomaterials possessed a Hexagonal Wurtzite crystalline structure. The mean crystalline size of the nanoparticles was estimated to be between 19 and 21 nm. The FESEM analysis confirmed that the prepared nanoparticles have irregularly shaped morphology. EDX study confirms the presence of Cadmium doping in ZnO. The fundamental vibrational bands of zinc oxide were confirmed by Raman spectra. The existence of various bonds had been confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The variation in electrical current with a variation in environment (air to Ethanol and then back to air) has been employed to determine sensing response at 100 ppm and 200 ppm concentrations of Ethanol. The percentage sensing response of the prepared materials has been observed to be increased with the rise in Cd content as well as Ethanol ppm level. The Cadmium-doped ZnO nanoparticles with 3 wt% of Cd have revealed the highest percentage sensing response of 24.82 and 30.92% at 100 and 200 ppm, respectively, which is greater than that of pristine ZnO. The lowest response time of 125 s was obtained for 3% Cadmium-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Thus Cadmium doping has improved the sensing response of pure zinc oxide nanoparticles.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors B. Singh, V. Kumar, and R. Madan are thankful to the Central Instrumentation Laboratory of the University for experimental facilities. The authors R. Garg and D. Mohan are thankful to the Department of Science and Technology, India for providing the Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure (FIST) grant for the establishment of common facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India

    Bajinder Singh, Vikas Kumar, Rahul Madan, Ravish Garg & Devendra Mohan

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  1. Bajinder Singh
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  2. Vikas Kumar
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  3. Rahul Madan
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  4. Ravish Garg
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  5. Devendra Mohan
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Contributions

IBS (author) works under the supervision of DM and RG who helped me in editing and revising the manuscript. VK and RM helped in the analysis of characterization techniques, like XRD, FESEM, and Raman spectra, and gas sensing measurements.

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Correspondence to Bajinder Singh.

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Singh, B., Kumar, V., Madan, R. et al. Synthesis of cadmium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles via sol–gel method for ethanol gas sensing application. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 1114 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10537-0

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