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Oxygenated terminals of milky sap of Calotropis procera transformed 1D ZnO structure to 0D nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of malachite green and methylene blue

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Abstract

The use of plant extract for the synthesis of nanomaterials has been preferred over conventional growth techniques due to its safety, simple, ecofriendly, cost-effective and biocompatibility properties. The present study includes environmentally friendly approach for synthesis of ZnO–NPs using milky sap of Calotropis procera (CP) parts. The biosynthesized ZnO–NPs were investigated in terms of crystalline, morphology, and optical characterization. The CP has resulted spherical-shaped oriented nanoparticles, hexagonal phase and significantly reduced crystallite size of − 26.1 nm. The photodegradation of malachite green (MG) and methyl blue (MB) dye under the illumination of UV light was investigated using biosynthesized ZnO–NPs. The effect of different volumes of milky sap of CP was considered as a point of care to demonstrate its role towards the enhancement of photodegradation effectiveness of ZnO against two different organic dyes like malachite and methylene blue owing their issues raised for aquaculture and worsen environmental impacts. The degradation of both dyes was followed by pseudo first-order kinetics and highest volume of milky sap of CP has given out high rate constant value. The degradation efficiency of milky sap of CP-assisted ZnO nanostructures was found about 85.3% and 86.3% for MG and MB, respectively. However, we studied the effect of pH of dye solution on the photocatalytic performance of ZnO and it has revealed highly enhanced degradation efficiency. The increased functionality of ZnO was connected to the reduced particle size, optical bandgap, and tunable surface properties with the use of terminal oxygenated groups.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their sincere appreciations to Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R79), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for partial funding of this work.

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King Saud University, RSP2023R79, Ayman Nafady

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro, 76080, Sindh, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ali Bhatti

  2. Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro, 76080, Sindh, Pakistan

    Ahmed Ali Hullio & Zafar Hussain Ibupoto

  3. Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mirs, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan

    Aneela Tahira

  4. Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, 7680, Sindh, Pakistan

    Umair Aftab

  5. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Ayman Nafady

  6. Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 54000, Nancy, IJL, France

    Brigitte Vigolo

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Contributions

MAB, did synthesis of ZnO nanostructures and evaluate the partial photocatalytic properties. AT, did XRD analysis. AAH, did analysis of obtained photodegradation results. UA, did optical bandgap analysis. AN, partially supervised the work and edit the draft of manuscript. BV, did the SEM analysis and edit the draft of paper. ZHI, supervised the work and wrote the first draft of manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zafar Hussain Ibupoto.

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Bhatti, M.A., Tahira, A., Hullio, A.A. et al. Oxygenated terminals of milky sap of Calotropis procera transformed 1D ZnO structure to 0D nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of malachite green and methylene blue. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 929 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10290-4

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