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Introduction, production, characterization and applications of defects in graphene

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Abstract

The successful preparation of graphene in research laboratory has brought a revolutionary progress in almost all the research fields including physical, chemical and biological sciences owing to its unique structural, electrical, chemical and optical properties. Being the first ‘two-dimensional (2D) material’, it has introduced a new class of ‘2D materials’. Continuous theoretical and experimental investigations are being made to know more about graphene to take more benefits from it. The structural properties of graphene are the fundamental properties which affect all its other properties. Defects in graphene can be considered a robust tool to tune its structural and other characteristics. In this review, we have summarized the recent and significant studies on defects in graphene. We have discussed different types of defects, how these can intentionally be produced, their influence on different properties of graphene and applications of defective graphene. This review presents a comprehensive study on all about defects in graphene and provides the basic understandings and worthy knowledge to researchers and scientists of this era for future studies to achieve the diversity of graphene applications.

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2013, Springer Nature

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a Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. b Reproduced with permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. c–e Reproduced with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society

Fig. 3

a–c Reproduced with permission from Ref. [47]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society

Fig. 4

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Fig. 7

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Fig. 9

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Fig. 11

a Reproduced with permission from Ref. [116]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. b Reproduced with permission from Ref. [122]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. c Reproduced with permission from Ref. [123]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society

Fig. 12

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Fig. 13

a Reproduced with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. b–d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [128]. Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society

Fig. 14

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Fig. 15

a–d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [136]. Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society. e, f Reproduced with permission from ref. [137]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society

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Fig. 20

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Fig. 21

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China

    Waqas Ahmad & Karim Khan

  2. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China

    Zaka Ullah

  3. Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

    Zaka Ullah

  4. Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China

    Nazmina Imrose Sonil

  5. School of Electrical Engineering & Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China

    Karim Khan

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Ahmad, W., Ullah, Z., Sonil, N.I. et al. Introduction, production, characterization and applications of defects in graphene. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 19991–20030 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06575-1

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