Abstract
ZnO-based ceramics doped with Li/Y and modified by various contents of Cr-ions, (Zn0.9475Y0.0025Li0.05)1-xCrxO (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.025), were prepared by a wet chemical route followed by a traditional ceramic sintering technology. The effect of Cr-ion content on the electronic conductivity and resistance–temperature characteristics of the prepared ceramics was investigated. All the ceramics have hexagonal wurtzite ZnO structure, and exhibit critical positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (C-PTCR) effect. With various contents of Cr-ions, the maximum temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) reaches 61.1%·°C−1 or the resistivity jump log(ρmax/ρmin) is up to 4.74. The critical transition temperature of resistivity can be adjusted in the temperature range of 76–147 °C for different various contents of Cr-ions. The complex impedance analysis shows that the C-PTCR effect of the ZnO ceramics resulted from both grain effect and grain boundary effect. According to the analysis of the dielectric temperature spectra, the ZnO-based ceramics have ferroelectricity at room temperature, and the ferroelectric–paraelectric transition around the critical transition temperature of resistivity during the temperature increases.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. Takeda, Y. Hoshi, T. Kinoshita, T. Shishido, T. Nishida, T. Shiosaki, Fabrication of lead-free and high Tc BaTiO3-based thermistor ceramics using deoxidizing effect of oxygen-containing α-zirconium. Ceram. Int. 34, 2073–2077 (2008)
S. Leng, G. Li, L. Zheng, W. Shi, Y. Zhu, Effect of donor concentration on the PTCR behavior of Y-doped BaTiO3-(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 ceramics. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 24, 431–435 (2012)
C.L. Yuan, X.Y. Liu, C.R. Zhou, J.W. Xu, Y. Yang, Characterization of the BaBiO3-doped BaTiO3 positive temperature coefficient of a resistivity ceramic using impedance spectroscopy with Tc = 155 °C. Chin. Phys. B 20, 048701 (2011)
P.H. Xiang, H. Takeda, T. Shiosaki, High Tc lead-free BaTiO3–(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 positive temperature coefficient of resistivity ceramics with electrically heterogeneous structure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 162904 (2007)
W. Huo, Y. Qu, Effects of Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3 on the curie temperature and the PTC effects of BaTiO3-based positive temperature coefficient ceramics. Sens. Actuator A 128, 265–269 (2006)
L. Yan, Q. Fu, M. Humayun, D. Zhou, M. Wang, G. Wang, X. Gao, Z. Zheng, W. Luo, High-performance PTCR ceramics with extremely low resistivity for multilayer chip thermistor application. Ceram. Int. 46, 6621–6627 (2020)
L. Yan, Q. Fu, D. Zhou, M. Wang, H. Zu, G. Wang, Z. Zheng, W. Luo, Extra high temperature coefficient in semiconducting BaTiO3-(Bi0.5Na0.5) TiO3-SrTiO3 ceramics. Ceram. Int. 45, 2185–2193 (2019)
P. Pfalzer, G. Obermeier, M. Klemm, S. Horn, M.L. Denboer, Structural precursor to the metal-insulator transition in V2O3. Phys. Rev. B 73, 144106 (2006)
J. Wang, H. Zhang, Z. Ma, Y. Zhang, Z. Li, Abnormal resistivity-temperature characteristic in fluorite type Bi/K-substituted ceria ceramics. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 27, 6419–6424 (2016)
M. Ashokkumar, S. Muthukumaran, Electrical, dielectric, photoluminescence and magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles co-doped with Co and Cu. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 374, 61–66 (2015)
S. Das, S. Das, S. Sutradhar, Effect of Gd3+ and Al3+ on optical and dielectric properties of ZnO nanoparticle prepared by two-step hydrothermal method. Ceram. Int. 43, 6932–6941 (2017)
A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, Fundamentals of zinc oxide as a semiconductor. Rep. Prog. Phys. 72, 126501 (2009)
H.H. Hng, P.L. Chan, Effects of MnO2 doping in V2O5-doped ZnO varistor system. Mater. Chem. Phys. 75, 61–66 (2002)
M. Saito, S. Fujihara, Large photocurrent generation in dye-sensitized ZnO solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 1, 280–283 (2008)
J. Jiang, Z. Mu, H. Xing, Q. Wu, X. Yue, Y. Lin, Insights into the synergetic effect for enhanced UV/visible-light activated photodegradation activity via Cu-ZnO photocatalyst. Appl. Surf. Sci. 478, 1037–1045 (2019)
P. Li, H. Zhang, C. Gao, G. Jiang, Z. Li, Electrical property of Al/La/Cu modified ZnO-based negative temperature coefficient (NTC) ceramics with high ageing stability. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 30, 19598–19608 (2019)
S. Li, H. Zhang, S. Leng, Z. Yang, J. Shao, Z. Li, Characterization of temperature induced resistivity jump in Li/Y/Cr co-doped ZnO ceramics. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 29, 10969–10975 (2018)
D.S. Smith, N. Ghayoub, I. Charissou, O. Bellon, P. Abélard, Transient thermal gradients in barium titanate positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistors. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81, 1789–1796 (1998)
E.J. Abram, D.C. Sinclair, A.R. West, A strategy for analysis and modelling of impedance spectroscopy data of electroceramics: doped lanthanum gallate. J. Electroceram. 10, 165–177 (2003)
T. Shimada, K. Touji, Y. Katsuyama, H. Takeda, T. Shiosaki, Lead free PTCR ceramics and its electrical properties. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27, 3877–3882 (2007)
Y. Pu, H. Wu, J. Wei, Influence of doping BiYO3 and Nb2O5 on PTCR characteristics of BaTiO3 thermistor ceramics. Sens. Actuator A 173, 158–162 (2012)
M.K. Gupta, B. Kumar, Enhanced ferroelectric, dielectric and optical behavior in Li-doped ZnO nanorods. J. Alloy. Compd. 509, L208–L212 (2011)
S. Goel, N. Sinha, H. Yadav, A.J. Joseph, B. Kumar, 2D porous nanosheets of Y-doped ZnO for dielectric and ferroelectric applications. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 29, 13818–13832 (2018)
M.K. Gupta, N. Sinha, B. Kumar, Dielectric studies and band gap tuning of ferroelectric Cr-doped ZnO nanorods. J. Appl. Phys. 112, 014303 (2012)
J. Dhananjay, S.B. Nagaraju, Krupanidhi, Off-centered polarization and ferroelectric phase transition in Li-doped ZnO thin films grown by pulsed-laser ablation. J. Appl. Phys. 101, 104104 (2007)
Y.C. Yang, C.F. Zhong, X.H. Wang, B. He, S.Q. Wei, F. Zeng, F. Pan, Room temperature multiferroic behavior of Cr-doped ZnO films. J. Appl. Phys. 104, 064102 (2008)
A. Onodera, Novel ferroelectricity in II-VI semiconductor ZnO. Ferroelectrics 267, 131–137 (2002)
D. Kagami, M. Takesada, A. Onodera, H. Sstoh, Photoinduced effect in Li-doped ZnO studied by raman scattering. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 59, 2532–2536 (2011)
M.D. Glinchuk, E.V. Kirichenko, V.A. Stephanovich, B.Y. Zaulychny, Nature of ferroelectricity in nonperovskite semiconductors like ZnO:Li. J. Appl. Phys. 105, 104101 (2009)
S. Massidda, R. Resta, M. Posternak, A. Baldereschi, Polarization and dynamical charge of ZnO within different one-particle schemes. Phys. Rev. B 52, 16977–16980 (1995)
S.S. Lee, C.K. Yoon, S.H. Song, B. Ziaie 2014 An electret-biased resonant radiation sensor, IEEE, 27th International conference on micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS), 704–708
H.O. Jacobs, G.M. Whitesides, Submicrometer patterning of charge in thin-film electrets. Science 291, 1763–1766 (2001)
F. Bahri, H. Khemakhem, Raman and dielectric investigation of (Ba0.9-xSrxCa0.1) (Ti0.8Zr0.2) O3 ferroelectric ceramics. Ceram. Int. 40, 7909–7913 (2014)
S.C. Abrahams, J.L. Bernstein, Remeasurement of the structure of hexagonal ZnO. Acta Crystallogr. A 25, 1233–1236 (1969)
A.D. Corso, M. Posternak, R. Resta, A. Baldereschi, Ab initio study of piezoelectricity and spontaneous polarization in ZnO. Phys. Rev. B 50, 10715–10721 (1994)
A. Onodera, N. Tamaki, H. Satoh, H. Yamashita, X-Ray study of ferroelectric phase transition by Li-substitution in semiconducting ZnO. Ferroelectrics 217, 9–15 (1998)
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the research funding from the Hunan Wedid Materials Technology Co., Ltd., China (No. 738010241), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51767021), the Foundation of the Department of Science and Technology of Guizhou province (No. JC[2018]1165), and the Foundation of the Department of Education of Guizhou province (No. KY[2018]030).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, S., Leng, S., Zhang, H. et al. Critical positive temperature coefficient of resistivity of Li/Y co-doped ZnO ceramics modified by Cr-ions. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 1691–1702 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04938-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04938-8