Abstract
The primary contributions of this study are not only to explore the role of diffusion annealing temperature interval 650 to 850 °C on the formation of effective electron–phonon coupling or cooper-pair probabilities (percentage of clusters in the superconducting path), densities of active and dynamic electronic states at Fermi energy level, stabilization of superconductivity in the homogeneous regions, overlapping of Cu-3d and O-2p wave functions and bond strengths in the crystal matrix of Ni surface-layered Bi-2223 polycrystalline ceramics, but also to determine the temperature-dependent diffusion fast-rate and required minimum activation energy for the diffusion of Ni foreign impurities into the bulk Bi-2223 superconducting crystal structure for the first time. The dc electrical measurement results obtained show that the optimum diffusion annealing temperature is found to be 700 °C for the penetration of optimum Ni concentration into the Bi-2223 crystal lattice so that the ceramic compound exposed to 700 °C annealing temperature exhibits the highest electrical and superconducting properties. In this respect, the material with the minimum electrical resistivity parameters of Δρ, ρ 115K , ρ res and ρ norm obtains the maximum superconducting characteristics of \(T_{c}^{{onset}}\), \(T_{c}^{{offset}}\) and RRR. Accordingly, the annealing temperature of 700 °C promotes the Bi-2223 ceramics for usage in the engineering, electro-optic, industrial and large scale applications. At the same time, the diffusion coefficients [D = Doexp(E/kBT)] determined at annealing temperature ranging from 650 to 850 °C are observed to be much more significant at rather higher temperatures as compared to lower temperatures. The temperature-dependent Ni diffusion coefficient is determined to be D = 3.9707 × 10− 7exp[− 1.132 eV/kBT] for the Bi-2223 particulate solid material. Namely, the diffusion coefficient is calculated to be about 3.9707 × 10− 7cm2 s− 1 when the required minimum activation energy for the introduction of heavy metal Ni ions to the bulk Bi-2223 crystal structure is computed to be about 1.132 eV, being one of the most striking points deduced form this work.
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This study is totally supported by Abant Izzet Baysal University Scientific Research Project Coordination Unit (Project No: 2014.09.05.685).
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Zalaoglu, Y., Terzioglu, C., Turgay, T. et al. Detailed survey on minimum activation energy for penetration of Ni nanoparticles into Bi-2223 crystal structure and temperature-dependent Ni diffusivity. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 29, 3239–3249 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-8259-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-8259-6