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Small-angle X-ray scattering performances of single crystal and polycrystalline diamond windows in a heated environment

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Abstract

The demand of small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) windows for in-situ characterization of materials nano-structures in a heated vacuum environment has been increased dramatically. High-quality diamond prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has become the preferred window material due to its excellent optical and mechanical properties. However, impurities and defects in diamonds may lead to the strong X-ray scattering especially in the heating process, affecting the testing accuracy of the object. In this work, single-crystal diamond (SCD) and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) films with different quality were prepared, and their SAXS properties were investigated at room temperature and heating under vacuum. The results show that the scattering intensity of the undoped high-quality SCD is small and uniform, while that of the SCD window doped with a small amount of nitrogen increases, mainly due to the nitrogen atoms and vacancy clusters scattering. While for the PCDs, the grain boundaries and the dark features lead to strong scattering background. As the temperature rises from room temperature to 280 °C, although the phonon vibration of diamonds exhibits the obvious temperature dependence, the coherent scattering of diamonds with X-ray hardly changes, indicating no new scatterers with the changed gyration radius were generated in the heating process. SCD and PCD windows were successfully applied in an in-situ heating SAXS cell.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was sponsored by the National MCF Energy R&D Program, Grant No. 2019YFE03100200, Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation, Grants No. 4192038, the State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, SKLPDE-KF-202202, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Grants No. FRF-MP-20-48.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China

    Juping Tu, Jinlong Liu, Liangxian Chen, Junjun Wei & Chengming Li

  2. Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Lei Yao & Guang Mo

Authors
  1. Juping Tu
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  2. Jinlong Liu
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  3. Lei Yao
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  4. Guang Mo
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  5. Liangxian Chen
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  6. Junjun Wei
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Contributions

JT: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. JL: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing, Journal Pre-proof Visualization. LY: Investigation, Methodology. GM: Formal analysis, Methodology. JW: Project administration, Validation. LC: Resources, Validation. CL: Supervision, Resources, Funding acquisition.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jinlong Liu or Chengming Li.

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Tu, J., Liu, J., Yao, L. et al. Small-angle X-ray scattering performances of single crystal and polycrystalline diamond windows in a heated environment. J Mater Sci 57, 12824–12835 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07415-1

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