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Temperature-insensitive silicone composites as ballistic witness materials: the impact of water content on the thermophysical properties

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Abstract

In this work, different formulations of a room-temperature silicone composite backing material (SCBM) composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), fumed silica and corn starch were investigated using different characterization techniques, i.e., differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small-angle X-ray scattering, as a function of controlled relative humidity. At ambient relative humidities in the range of about 20–80%, the equilibrium water content in the SCBM ranges from approximately 4–10%, which is predominantly absorbed by the corn starch. This amount of water content has been shown to have minimal effect on thermal transition temperatures (melting and glass transition) of the SCBMs. The enthalpy of melting increases with increasing relative humidity, which reflects the heterogeneous semicrystalline structure of starch granules and the role of moisture in facilitating the formation of amylopectin double helices mainly in the imperfect crystalline regions. The thermal degradation of SCBM exhibits three major mass loss steps that correspond to dehydration, decomposition of corn starch and decomposition of PDMS. The XRD patterns reveal a characteristic diffuse peak for amorphous PDMS and an A-type crystallinity for the corn starch. The XRD results show no observable changes in the crystal type and crystallinity as a function of moisture content. Results from this work help clarify the fundamental structure–property relationships in SCBMs, which are important for future development of documentary standards, especially the handling and storage specifications of next-generation ballistic witness materials for body armor testing.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology (Award No. 70NANB20H145). The authors thank Dr. Ajay Krishnamurthy for performing DSC calibrations and Dr. Amy Engelbrecht-Wiggans for the assistance with the conditioning chamber. Use of the Advanced Photon Source, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory, was supported by the US DOE under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work is an official contribution of NIST, a US government agency and not subject to copyright in the USA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA

    Ran Tao, Fan Zhang, Huong Giang Nguyen, Amanda L. Forster & Aaron M. Forster

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 70409, USA

    Ran Tao

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD, 21532, USA

    Philip Bernstein

  4. CCDC ARL, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005, USA

    Randy A. Mrozek

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  1. Ran Tao
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Tao, R., Zhang, F., Nguyen, H.G. et al. Temperature-insensitive silicone composites as ballistic witness materials: the impact of water content on the thermophysical properties. J Mater Sci 56, 16362–16375 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06334-x

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