Abstract
Ti3C2Tx shows potential as an electrode material of supercapacitors due to its unique layered structures for ion diffusion as well as excellent chemical/physical properties. However, the layer stacking and the insufficient conductivity due to the terminated surface groups have limited this application essentially. In the present study, a three-dimensional B3+ ion-intercalated Ti3C2Tx network (B-Ti3C2Tx) was combined with hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNS), which improved the electric transport performance of Ti3C2Tx by reducing the surface functional groups and hindering the restacking of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets effectively. Thus, a new set of 3D hierarchical B-Ti3C2Tx/HCNS composite materials was obtained here with a superior electrochemical performance higher than that of single Ti3C2Tx in the present study, and many other reported Ti3C2Tx-containing materials in literature. In addition, an excellent electrochemical cycling stability with above 91% retention over 3000 cycles was also obtained for this new hybrid material. This work provides a new direction to promote the Ti3C2Tx-based materials for high-performance supercapacitors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Nocera DG (2009) Living healthy on a dying planet. Chem Soc Rev 38(1):13–15
Chu S, Majumdar A (2012) Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature 488(7411):294–303
Geng PB, Zheng SS, Tang H, Zhu RM, Zhang L, Cao S, Xue HG, Pang H (2018) Transition metal sulfides based on graphene for electrochemical energy storage. Adv Energy Mater 8(15):26
Simon P, Gogotsi Y (2008) Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nat Mater 7(11):845–854
Choudhary N, Li C, Moore J, Nagaiah N, Zhai L, Jung Y, Thomas J (2017) Asymmetric supercapacitor electrodes and devices. Adv Mater 29(21):1605336–1605366
Dubal DP, Ayyad O, Ruiz V, Gomez-Romero P (2015) Hybrid energy storage: the merging of battery and supercapacitor chemistries. Chem Soc Rev 44(7):1777–1790
Huang Y, Zhong M, Huang Y, Zhu MS, Pei ZX, Wang ZF, Xue Q, Xie XM, Zhi CY (2015) A self-healable and highly stretchable supercapacitor based on a dual crosslinked polyelectrolyte. Nat Commun 6:10310–10318
Qi DP, Liu Y, Liu ZY, Zhang L, Chen XD (2017) Design of architectures and materials in in-plane micro-supercapacitors: current status and future challenges. Adv Mater 29(5):1602802–1602821
Zhang GX, Xiao X, Li B, Gu P, Xue HG, Pang H (2017) Transition metal oxides with one-dimensional/one-dimensional-analogue nanostructures for advanced supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A 5(18):8155–8186
Li Y, Xu YX, Liu Y, Pang H (2019) Exposing 001 crystal plane on hexagonal Ni-MOF with surface-grown cross-linked mesh-structures for electrochemical energy storage. Small 15(36):8
Guo YP, Wei YQ, Li HQ, Zhai TY (2017) Layer structured materials for advanced energy storage and conversion. Small 13(45):1701649–1701671
Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6(3):183–191
Zheng Y, Zheng SS, Xue HG, Pang H (2018) Metal-organic frameworks/graphene-based materials: preparations and applications. Adv Funct Mater 28(47):28
Radisavljevic B, Radenovic A, Brivio J, Giacometti V, Kis A (2011) Single-layer MoS2 transistors. Nat Nanotechnol 6(3):147–150
Novoselov KS, Jiang D, Schedin F, Booth TJ, Khotkevich VV, Morozov SV, Geim AK (2005) Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(30):10451–10453
Ma RZ, Sasaki T (2010) Nanosheets of oxides and hydroxides: ultimate 2D charge-bearing functional crystallites. Adv Mater 22(45):5082–5104
Coleman JN, Lotya M, O’Neill A, Bergin SD, King PJ, Khan U, Young K, Gaucher A, De S, Smith RJ, Shvets IV, Arora SK, Stanton G, Kim HY, Lee K, Kim GT, Duesberg GS, Hallam T, Boland JJ, Wang JJ, Donegan JF, Grunlan JC, Moriarty G, Shmeliov A, Nicholls RJ, Perkins JM, Grieveson EM, Theuwissen K, McComb DW, Nellist PD, Nicolosi V (2011) Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 331(6017):568–571
Ghidiu M, Lukatskaya MR, Zhao MQ, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum MW (2014) Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance. Nature 516(7529):78-U171
Zhao MQ, Ren CE, Ling Z, Lukatskaya MR, Zhang CF, Van Aken KL, Barsoum MW, Gogotsi Y (2015) Flexible MXene/Carbon nanotube composite paper with high volumetric capacitance. Adv Mater 27(2):339–345
Rakhi RB, Ahmed B, Hedhili MN, Anjum DH, Alshareef HN (2015) Effect of postetch annealing gas composition on the structural and electrochemical properties of Ti2CTx MXene electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Chem Mater 27(15):5314–5323
Naguib M, Halim J, Lu J, Cook KM, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum MW (2013) New two-dimensional niobium and vanadium carbides as promising materials for Li-ion batteries. J Am Chem Soc 135(43):15966–15969
Boota M, Anasori B, Voigt C, Zhao MQ, Barsoum MW, Gogotsi Y (2016) Pseudocapacitive electrodes produced by oxidant-free polymerization of pyrrole between the layers of 2D titanium carbide (MXene). Adv Mater 28(7):1517–1522
Lukatskaya MR, Mashtalir O, Ren CE, Dall’Agnese Y, Rozier P, Taberna PL, Naguib M, Simon P, Barsoum MW, Gogotsi Y (2013) Cation intercalation and high volumetric capacitance of two-dimensional titanium carbide. Science 341(6153):1502–1505
Tang Q, Zhou Z, Shen P (2012) Are MXenes promising anode materials for Li ion batteries? Computational studies on electronic properties and Li storage capability of Ti3C2 and Ti3C2X2 (X = F, OH) monolayer. J Am Chem Soc 134(40):16909–16916
Ma TY, Cao JL, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ (2016) Interacting carbon nitride and titanium carbide nanosheets for high-performance oxygen evolution. Angew Chem Int Edit 55(3):1138–1142
Naguib M, Mashtalir O, Carle J, Presser V, Lu J, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum MW (2012) Two-dimensional transition metal carbides. ACS Nano 6(2):1322–1331
Feng A, Yu Y, Jiang F, Wang Y, Mi L, Yu Y, Song L (2017) Fabrication and thermal stability of NH4HF2-etched Ti3C2 MXene. Ceram Int 43(8):6322–6328
Zhang T, Pan L, Tang H, Du F, Guo Y, Qiu T, Yang J (2017) Synthesis of two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene using HCl + LiF etchant: enhanced exfoliation and delamination. J Alloys Compd 695:818–826
Li J, Yuan XT, Lin C, Yang YQ, Xu L, Du X, Xie JL, Lin JH, Sun JL (2017) Achieving high pseudocapacitance of 2D titanium carbide (MXene) by cation intercalation and surface modification. Adv Energy Mater 7(15):1602725–1602733
Wang Y, Dou H, Wang J, Ding B, Xu YL, Chang Z, Hao XD (2016) Three-dimensional porous MXene/layered double hydroxide composite for high performance supercapacitors. J Power Sources 327:221–228
Rakhi RB, Ahmed B, Anjum D, Alshareef HN (2016) Direct chemical synthesis of MnO2 nanowhiskers on transition metal carbide surfaces for supercapacitor applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(29):18806–18814
Chang TH, Zhang TR, Yang HT, Li KR, Tian Y, Lee JY, Chen PY (2018) Controlled crumpling of two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene) for highly stretchable, bendable, efficient supercapacitors. ACS Nano 12(8):8048–8059
Zhang XF, Liu Y, Dong SL, Yang JQ, Liu XD (2019) Flexible electrode based on multi-scaled MXene (Ti3C2Tx) for supercapacitors. J Alloys Compd 790:517–523
Hu Q, Sun D, Wu Q, Wang H, Wang L, Liu B, Zhou A, He J (2013) MXene: a new family of promising hydrogen storage medium. J Phys Chem A 117(51):14253–14260
Zang L, Sun W, Liu S, Huang Y, Yuan H, Tao Z, Wang Y (2018) Enhanced hydrogen storage properties and reversibility of LiBH4 confined in two-dimensional Ti3C2. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(23):19598–19604
Cheng X, Zu L, Jiang Y, Shi D, Cai X, Ni Y, Lin S, Qin Y (2018) A titanium-based photo-Fenton bifunctional catalyst of mp-MXene/TiO2−x nanodots for dramatic enhancement of catalytic efficiency in advanced oxidation processes. Chem Commun 54(82):11622–11625
Pandey RP, Rasool K, Madhavan VE, Aïssa B, Gogotsi Y, Mahmoud KA (2018) Ultrahigh-flux and fouling-resistant membranes based on layered silver/MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets. J Mater Chem A 6(8):3522–3533
Luo J, Fang C, Jin C, Yuan H, Sheng O, Fang R, Zhang W, Huang H, Gan Y, Xia Y, Liang C, Zhang J, Li W, Tao X (2018) Tunable pseudocapacitance storage of MXene by cation pillaring for high performance sodium-ion capacitors. J Mater Chem A 6(17):7794–7806
Lu M, Han W, Li H, Shi W, Wang J, Zhang B, Zhou Y, Li H, Zhang W, Zheng W (2019) Tent-pitching-inspired high-valence period 3-cation pre-intercalation excels for anode of 2D titanium carbide (MXene) with high Li storage capacity. Energy Storage Mater. 16:163–168
Simon P (2017) Two-dimensional MXene with controlled interlayer spacing for electrochemical energy storage. ACS Nano 11(3):2393–2396
Lukatskaya MR, Bak S-M, Yu X, Yang X-Q, Barsoum MW, Gogotsi Y (2015) Probing the mechanism of high capacitance in 2D titanium carbide using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Adv Energy Mater 5(15):1500589–1500593
Kou Y, Xu YH, Guo ZQ, Jiang DL (2011) Supercapacitive energy storage and electric power supply using an Aza-fused pi-Conjugated microporous framework. Angew Chem Int Edit 50(37):8753–8757
Dall’Agnese Y, Lukatskaya MR, Cook KM, Taberna PL, Gogotsi Y, Simon P (2014) High capacitance of surface-modified 2D titanium carbide in acidic electrolyte. Electrochem Commun 48:118–122
Hu MM, Li ZJ, Hu T, Zhu SH, Zhang C, Wang XH (2016) High-capacitance mechanism for Ti3C2TX MXene by in situ electrochemical Raman spectroscopy investigation. ACS Nano 10(12):11344–11350
Wen YY, Rufford TE, Chen XZ, Li N, Lyu MQ, Dai LM, Wang LZ (2017) Nitrogen-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. Nano Energy 38:368–376
Lee JSM, Briggs ME, Hu CC, Cooper AI (2018) Controlling electric double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance in heteroatom-doped carbons derived from hypercrosslinked microporous polymers. Nano Energy 46:277–289
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial supports from National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1508704), Natural Key Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2011025), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (50979028).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Y., Deng, Y., Zhang, J. et al. Enhancing energy storage capacity of B3+-intercalated Ti3C2Tx by combining its three-dimensional network structure with hollow carbon nanospheres. J Mater Sci 55, 4769–4779 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04285-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04285-y