Abstract
Conductive hydrogel has shown significant promise in the field of wearable devices. However, the mediocre antifreezing property and relatively low strain sensitivity limit the application of these gels. Herein, we developed a multifunctional hydrogel sensor based on a polyvinyl alcohol substrate with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as the conductive filler and a glycerin/water component solvent as the dispersion medium. The resulting optimal sample exhibits attractive combination of high tensile stress (~ 1.0 MPa), large elongation (> 400%), reasonable conductivity (~ 3.5 S m−1), while the glycerin/water solvent enable the hydrogel with a great antifreezing and moisturizing property. Accordingly, it was envisioned that the valid design method for conductive hydrogels with antifreeze, toughness, and moisturizing properties would provide wide utilizations of flexible wearable strain sensor.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cai G, Wang J, Qian K, Chen J, Li S, Lee PS (2017) Extremely stretchable strain sensors based on conductive self-healing dynamic cross-links hydrogels for human-motion detection. Adv Sci 4(2):1600190
Deng Z, Hu T, Lei Q, He J, Ma PX, Guo B (2019) Stimuli-responsive conductive nanocomposite hydrogels with high stretchability, self-healing, adhesiveness, and 3D printability for human motion sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(7):6796–6808
Oh JH, Hong SY, Park H, Jin SW, Jeong YR, Oh SY, Yun J, Lee H, Kim JW, Ha JS (2018) Fabrication of high-sensitivity skin-attachable temperature sensors with bioinspired microstructured adhesive. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(8):7263–7270
Feng S, Li Q, Wang S, Wang B, Hou Y, Zhang T (2019) Tunable dual temperature-pressure sensing and parameters self-separating based on ionic hydrogel via multi-synergistic network design. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(23):21049–21057
Samai S, Sapsanis C, Patil SP, Ezzeddine A, Moosa BA, Omran H, Emwas A-H, Salama KN, Khashab NM (2016) A light responsive two-component supramolecular hydrogel: a sensitive platform for the fabrication of humidity sensors. Soft Matter 12(11):2842–2845
Shaibani PM, Etayash H, Naicker S, Kaur K, Thundat T (2017) Metabolic study of cancer cells using a pH sensitive hydrogel nanofiber light addressable potentiometric sensor. ACS Sens 2(1):151–156
Choi S, Lee H, Ghaffari R, Hyeon T, Kim DH (2016) Recent advances in flexible and stretchable bio-electronic devices integrated with nanomaterials. Adv Mater 28(22):4203–4218
Rim YS, Bae SH, Chen H, De Marco N, Yang YJAM (2016) Recent progress in materials and devices toward printable and flexible sensors. Adv Mater 28(22):4415–4440
Kim C-C, Lee H-H, Oh KH, Sun J-Y (2016) Highly stretchable, transparent ionic touch panel. Science 353(6300):682–687
Ding Y, Zhang J, Chang L, Zhang X, Liu H, Jiang L (2017) Preparation of high-performance ionogels with excellent transparency, good mechanical strength, and high conductivity. Adv Mater 29(47):1704253
Ding Y, Yang J, Tolle CR, Zhu Z (2018) Flexible and compressible PEDOT: pSS@ Melamine conductive sponge prepared via one-step dip coating as piezoresistive pressure sensor for human motion detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(18):16077–16086
An R, Zhang B, Han L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Shi L, Ran R (2019) Strain-sensitivity conductive MWCNTs composite hydrogel for wearable device and near-infrared photosensor. J Mater Sci 54(11):8515–8530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03438-3
Xia S, Song S, Jia F, Gao G (2019) Flexible, adhesive and self-healable hydrogel-based wearable strain sensor for human motion and physiological signal monitoring. J Mater Chem B 7:4638–4648
Zhang Y, An R, Han L, Wang X, Shi L, Ran R (2018) Novel self-healing, shape-memory, tunable double-layer actuators based on semi-IPN and physical double-network hydrogels. Macromol Mater Eng 303(12):1800505
Han L, He Y, An R, Wang X, Zhang Y, Shi L, Ran R (2019) Mussel-inspired, robust and self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels: effective reusable absorbents for removal both anionic and cationic dyes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 569:18–27
Han L, Yan L, Wang M, Wang K, Fang L, Zhou J, Fang J, Ren F, Lu X (2018) Transparent, adhesive, and conductive hydrogel for soft bioelectronics based on light-transmitting polydopamine-doped polypyrrole nanofibrils. Chem Mater 30(16):5561–5572
Yang J, Wang X, Li B, Ma L, Shi L, Xiong Y, Xu H (2017) Novel iron/cobalt-containing polypyrrole hydrogel-derived trifunctional electrocatalyst for self-powered overall water splitting. Adv Funct Mater 27(17):1606497
Chen F, Chen Q, Song Q, Lu H, Ma M (2019) Strong and stretchable polypyrrole hydrogels with biphase microstructure as electrodes for substrate-free stretchable supercapacitors. Adv Mater Interfaces 6(11):1900133
Wang Y, Zhu C, Pfattner R, Yan H, Jin L, Chen S, Molina-Lopez F, Lissel F, Liu J, Rabiah NI (2017) A highly stretchable, transparent, and conductive polymer. Science 3(3):e1602076
Spencer AR, Primbetova A, Koppes AN, Koppes RA, Fenniri H, Annabi N (2018) Electroconductive gelatin methacryloyl-PEDOT: PSS composite hydrogels: design, synthesis, and properties. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 4(5):1558–1567
Yao B, Wang H, Zhou Q, Wu M, Zhang M, Li C, Shi G (2017) Ultrahigh-conductivity polymer hydrogels with arbitrary structures. Adv Mater 29(28):1700974
Hao G-P, Hippauf F, Oschatz M, Wisser FM, Leifert A, Nickel W, Mohamed-Noriega N, Zheng Z, Kaskel S (2014) Stretchable and semitransparent conductive hybrid hydrogels for flexible supercapacitors. ACS Nano 8(7):7138–7146
Zhong R, Tang Q, Wang S, Zhang H, Zhang F, Xiao M, Man T, Qu X, Li L, Zhang W (2018) Self-assembly of enzyme-like nanofibrous G-molecular hydrogel for printed flexible electrochemical sensors. Adv Mater 30(12):1706887
Li W, Gao F, Wang X, Zhang N, Ma M (2016) Strong and robust polyaniline-based supramolecular hydrogels for flexible supercapacitors. Angew Chem Int Ed 55(32):9196–9201
Huang W-C, Lo Y-C, Chu C-Y, Lai H-Y, Chen Y-Y, Chen S-Y (2017) Conductive nanogel-interfaced neural microelectrode arrays with electrically controlled in situ delivery of manganese ions enabling high-resolution MEMRI for synchronous neural tracing with deep brain stimulation. Biomaterials 122:141–153
Sandu G, Ernould B, Rolland J, Cheminet N, Jrm Brassinne, Das PR, Filinchuk Y, Cheng L, Komsiyska L, Dubois P (2017) Mechanochemical synthesis of PEDOT: PSS hydrogels for aqueous formulation of Li-ion battery electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(40):34865–34874
Feig VR, Tran H, Lee M, Liu K, Huang Z, Beker L, Mackanic DG, Bao Z (2019) An electrochemical gelation method for patterning conductive PEDOT: PSS hydrogels. Adv Mater 31:1902869
Cao S, Tong X, Dai K, Xu Q (2019) A super-stretchable and tough functionalized boron nitride/PEDOT: PSS/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel with self-healing, adhesion, conductive and photothermal activity. J Mater Chem A 7(14):8204–8209
Lu B, Yuk H, Lin S, Jian N, Qu K, Xu J, Zhao XJ (2019) Pure PEDOT: PSS hydrogels. Nat Commun 10(1):1043
Pu X, Guo H, Chen J, Wang X, Xi Y, Hu C, Wang ZL (2017) Eye motion triggered self-powered mechnosensational communication system using triboelectric nanogenerator. Sci Adv 3(7):e1700694
Larson C, Peele B, Li S, Robinson S, Totaro M, Beccai L, Mazzolai B, Shepherd R (2016) Highly stretchable electroluminescent skin for optical signaling and tactile sensing. Science 351(6277):1071–1074
Rong Q, Lei W, Chen L, Yin Y, Zhou J, Liu M (2017) Anti-freezing, conductive self-healing organohydrogels with stable strain-sensitivity at subzero temperatures. Angew Chem Int Ed 56(45):14159–14163
Rong Q, Lei W, Huang J, Liu M (2018) Low temperature tolerant organohydrogel electrolytes for flexible solid-state supercapacitors. Adv Energy Mater 8(31):1801967
Han L, Liu K, Wang M, Wang K, Fang L, Chen H, Zhou J, Lu X (2018) Mussel-inspired adhesive and conductive hydrogel with long-lasting moisture and extreme temperature tolerance. Adv Func Mater 28(3):1704195
Shi S, Peng X, Liu T, Chen Y-N, He C, Wang H (2017) Facile preparation of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polyvinyl alcohol–glycerol gels with excellent thermoplasticity and mechanical properties. Polymer 111:168–176
Kratochvílová I, Golan M, Pomeisl K, Richter J, Sedláková S, Šebera J, Mičová J, Falk M, Falková I, Řeha D (2017) Theoretical and experimental study of the antifreeze protein AFP752, trehalose and dimethyl sulfoxide cryoprotection mechanism: correlation with cryopreserved cell viability. RSC Adv 7(1):352–360
Kim N, Kee S, Lee SH, Lee BH, Kahng YH, Jo YR, Kim BJ, Lee K (2014) Highly conductive PEDOT: PSS nanofibrils induced by solution-processed crystallization. Adv Mater 26(14):2268–2272
Lee YY, Kang HY, Gwon SH, Choi GM, Lim SM, Sun JY, Joo YC (2016) A strain-insensitive stretchable electronic conductor: PEDOT: PSS/acrylamide organogels. Adv Mater 28(8):1636–1643
Vosgueritchian M, Lipomi DJ, Bao Z (2012) Highly conductive and transparent PEDOT: PSS films with a fluorosurfactant for stretchable and flexible transparent electrodes. Adv Funct Mater 22(2):421–428
Zhou H, Yao W, Li G, Wang J, Lu Y (2013) Graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hydrogel with excellent mechanical performance and high conductivity. Carbon 59:495–502
Green RA, Hassarati RT, Goding JA, Baek S, Lovell NH, Martens PJ, Poole-Warren LA (2012) Conductive hydrogels: mechanically robust hybrids for use as biomaterials. Macromol Biosci 12(4):494–501
Hu C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Xing L, Shi L, Ran R (2018) Stable, strain-sensitive conductive hydrogel with antifreezing capability, remoldability, and reusability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(50):44000–44010
Xu C, Guan S, Wang S, Gong W, Liu T, Ma X, Sun C (2018) Biodegradable and electroconductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels for neural tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 84:32–43
Wang Q, Pan X, Lin C, Lin D, Ni Y, Chen L, Huang L, Cao S, Ma X (2019) Biocompatible, self-wrinkled, antifreezing and stretchable hydrogel-based wearable sensor with PEDOT: sulfonated lignin as conductive materials. Chem Eng J 370:1039–1047
Elliott GD, Wang S, Fuller BJ (2017) Cryoprotectants: a review of the actions and applications of cryoprotective solutes that modulate cell recovery from ultra-low temperatures. Cryobiology 76:74–91
Bai Y, Chen B, Xiang F, Zhou J, Wang H, Suo Z (2014) Transparent hydrogel with enhanced water retention capacity by introducing highly hydratable salt. Appl Phys Lett 105(15):151903
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51773124, 51403132), Sichuan Science and Technology Program China (Grant Nos. 2016GZ0300, 2018GZ0322), Innovation Team Program of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2014TD0002), Cooperation strategic projects of Luzhou governments and Sichuan University (Grant No. 2015CDLZ-G13), The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2012017yjsy184).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Peng, Y., Yan, B., Li, Y. et al. Antifreeze and moisturizing high conductivity PEDOT/PVA hydrogels for wearable motion sensor. J Mater Sci 55, 1280–1291 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04101-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04101-7