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Conversion of residue biomass into value added carbon materials: utilisation of sugarcane bagasse and ionic liquids

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Abstract

Presented herein is the nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNTs) production from a residue, sugarcane bagasse, using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C4MIM]Cl as the solvent and nitrogen source, and ferrocene as the catalyst source. N-MWCNTs were synthesised using the floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition method at 850 °C. The synthesised N-MWCNTs were characterised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. Hollow tubular structures of N-MWCNTs were observed using TEM. These observations correlated morphology from SEM which showed spaghetti-like structures, and also EDS detected the presence of nitrogen. Raman spectroscopy indicated MWCNT bands, around 1350 and 1580 cm−1 assigned to D-band and G-band due to defective and graphitic carbon vibrations, respectively. Also, XRD patterns showed typical N-MWCNT structures with a strong intensity peak at 2θ = 26.4° which was indexed as the C(002) reflection of graphite. TGA showed an N-CNTs thermogram curve, with the main decomposition temperature around 590 °C. The study showed that N-MWCNTs were successfully synthesised from sugarcane bagasse. The study significantly establishes a strategy for utilisation and value addition of a residue which is abundant from sugar production mills.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Sugar Milling Research Institute (SMRI) and the National Research Foundation-The World Academy of Science (NRF-TWAS) for the supply of the feedstock and funding, respectively, and Dr. ET Mombeshora for proofreading the manuscript. This work is based on research supported in part (Grant Number: 116610, to KM, Grant Number: 103979, to VON and Grant Number: 115465, to AS) by the National Research Foundation of South Africa. Also the Eskom Tertiary Education Support Programme (TESP) funded this study.

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  1. School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa

    Kudzai Mugadza & Vincent O. Nyamori

  2. Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa

    Patrick G. Ndungu

  3. SMRI/NRF SARChI Research Chair in Sugarcane Biorefining, Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa

    Annegret Stark

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Mugadza, K., Ndungu, P.G., Stark, A. et al. Conversion of residue biomass into value added carbon materials: utilisation of sugarcane bagasse and ionic liquids. J Mater Sci 54, 12476–12487 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03800-5

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