Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes were synthesized via one-step dynamic hydrothermal process from commercial TiO2 powder. The effects of NaOH concentration, reaction time, reaction temperature, stirring process and washing on the morphology, and the exchange ions of the nanotubes were investigated. The morphology of the nanotubes was characterized in detail with transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscope. In the dynamic hydrothermal process, stirring can reduce the reaction time of transformation from particles to nanotubes. The nanotubes were formed when the expected reaction temperature reached to 130 °C. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to determine the exchange of sodium ions and protons in washing process. The Na+ ions attached in the nanotubes were removed completely by HCl aqueous solution and deionized water treatments. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the titanate phase of the as-synthesized sample and anatase phase of TiO2 nanotubes after calcination process at 400 °C for 2 h.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cui L, Hui KN, Hui KS et al (2012) Facile microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes. Mater Lett 75:175–178
Chen Y, Crittenden JC, Hackney S et al (2005) Preparation of a novel TiO2-based p–n junction nanotube photocatalyst. Environ Sci Technol 39:1201–1208
Varghese OK, Paulose M, LaTempa TJ et al (2009) High-rate solar photocatalytic conversion of CO2 and water vapor to hydrocarbon fuels. Nano Lett 9:731–737
Huang KC, Chien SH (2013) Improved visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity of rutile/titania-nanotube composites prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal process. Appl Catal B 140–141:283–288
Park JH, Kim S, Bard AJ (2005) Novel carbon-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays with high aspect ratios for efficient solar water splitting. Nano Lett 6:24–28
Liu Z, Zhang X, Nishimoto S et al (2008) Efficient photocatalytic degradation of gaseous acetaldehyde by highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays. Environ Sci Technol 42:8547–8551
Zhao G, Cui X, Liu M et al (2009) Electrochemical degradation of refractory pollutant using a novel microstructured TiO2 nanotubes/Sb-doped SnO2 electrode. Environ Sci Technol 43:1480–1486
Zhang Y, Fu W, Yang H et al (2008) Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 nanotubes for humidity sensing. Appl Surf Sci 254:5545–5547
Michailowski A, AlMawlawi D, Cheng G et al (2001) Highly regular anatase nanotubule arrays fabricated in porous anodic templates. Chem Phys Lett 349:1–5
Jung JH, Kobayashi H, van Bommel KJC et al (2002) Creation of novel helical ribbon and double-layered nanotube TiO2 structures using an organogel template. Chem Mater 14:1445–1447
Tian ZR, Voigt JA, Liu J et al (2003) Large oriented arrays and continuous films of TiO2-based nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 125:12384–12385
Xu H, Zhang Q, Zheng C et al (2011) Application of ultrasonic wave to clean the surface of the TiO2 nanotubes prepared by the electrochemical anodization. Appl Surf Sci 257:8478–8480
Yuan ZY, Su BL (2004) Titanium oxide nanotubes, nanofibers and nanowires. Colloids Surf A 241:173–183
Ma Y, Lin Y, Xiao X et al (2006) Sonication–hydrothermal combination technique for the synthesis of titanate nanotubes from commercially available precursors. Mater Res Bull 41:237–243
Ou HH, Lo SL (2007) Review of titania nanotubes synthesized via the hydrothermal treatment: fabrication, modification, and application. Sep Purif Technol 58:179–191
Viriya-empikul NS, Charinpanitkul T, Kikuchi T, Tanthapanichakoon W (2008) A step towards length control of titanate nanotubes using hydrothermal reaction with sonication pretreatment. Nanotechnology 19:2008
Wang D, Zhou F, Liu Y et al (2008) Synthesis and characterization of anatase TiO2 nanotubes with uniform diameter from titanium powder. Mater Lett 62:1819–1822
Wang Z, Xia D, Chen G et al (2008) The effects of different acids on the preparation of TiO2 nanostructure in liquid media at low temperature. Mater Chem Phys 111:313–316
Wong CL, Tan YN, Mohamed AR (2011) A review on the formation of titania nanotube photocatalysts by hydrothermal treatment. J Environ Manage 92:1669–1680
Preda S, Teodorescu VS, Musuc AM et al (2013) Influence of the TiO2 precursors on the thermal and structural stability of titanate-based nanotubes. J Mater Res 28:294–303
Bando Y, Watanabe M, Sekikawa Y (1980) Structure of orthorhombic Na2Ti9O19-a unit cell twinning of monoclinic Na2Ti9019-determined by 1-MV high-resolution electron microscopy. J Solid State Chem 33:413–419
AaLJ Clearfield (1988) Preparation, structure, and ion-exchange properties of Na4Ti9020–xH20. J Solid State Chem 73:98–106
Weng LQ, Song SH, Hodgson S et al (2006) Synthesis and characterisation of nanotubular titanates and titania. J Eur Ceram Soc 26:1405–1409
Bavykin DV, Parmon VN, Lapkin AA et al (2004) The effect of hydrothermal conditions on the mesoporous structure of TiO2 nanotubes. J Mater Chem 14:3370–3377
Shi L, Cao L, Liu W et al (2014) A study on partially protonated titanate nanotubes: enhanced thermal stability and improved photocatalytic activity. Ceram Int 40:4717–4723
Seo DS, Lee JK, Kim H (2001) Preparation of nanotube-shaped TiO2 powder. J Cryst Growth 229:428–432
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Ministry of Science and Technology for their support to this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vu, T.H.T., Au, H.T., Tran, L.T. et al. Synthesis of titanium dioxide nanotubes via one-step dynamic hydrothermal process. J Mater Sci 49, 5617–5625 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8274-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8274-4