Abstract
Landscape structure and local floral resources can modulate bee diversity and ecological interactions in agroecosystems. Theory predicts that, at different spatial scales, both factors may interact and influence assemblage patterns and interactions simultaneously, ultimately affecting the provision of ecosystem services. We investigated how habitat heterogeneity at different spatial scales influenced the assemblage of tomato flower-visiting bees in organic cropped areas in the Cerrado biome, Brazil, from 2019 to 2020. We also evaluated the structure and stability of the interaction network among tomatoes, non-crop plants, and bees. We found that landscape heterogeneity can benefit and serve as a source of bee species when natural vegetation remnants are not highly fragmented in the landscape. Non-crop plants increase the permeability of agroecosystems to bees by providing additional and diverse floral resources. The interaction network between non-crop plants and bees was found to be modular and robust, suggesting spatial habitat partitioning among the bee species. The presence of non-crop plants plays a central role in preventing bee species loss in the cropped areas by locally maintaining the stability of the interaction network.
Implications for insect conservation
Factors operating at multiple spatial scales determine species occurrence in the landscape, but local interactions with non-crop plants dictate habitat permeability to species. Such factors should be considered when designing strategies to make tropical agroecosystems more permeable and functional to bee biodiversity and the pollination services they provide.
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The authors are grateful to all farm owners who kindly allowed us to conduct this study on their lands. We acknowledge EMATER-DF for their support in finding farms for sampling.
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The present study was carried out with support by the ‘Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico’ (CNPq) and the ‘Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES - PROEX)’ through scholarships and research grants. C.S.S. Pires received financial support from the CNPq / A.B.E.L.H.A. / IBAMA / MCTIC (Process 400555/2018-2) project and Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF) (Process 00193. 0000054/2019-37).
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RMA, PHBT, CSSP, and ERS: conceived and designed the study. RMA, LSS, EMR, and GMT: collected data. RMA and NFC: analyzed the data under the supervision of PHBT. RMA: led the manuscript writing. All authors contributed critically to the first draft and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Assunção, R.M., Camargo, N.F., Souza, L.S. et al. Landscape conservation and local interactions with non-crop plants aid in structuring bee assemblages in organic tropical agroecosystems. J Insect Conserv 26, 933–945 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-022-00438-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-022-00438-8