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Disentangling the effects of local resources, landscape heterogeneity and climatic seasonality on bee diversity and plant-pollinator networks in tropical highlands

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Abstract

Land-use alteration and climate seasonality have profound effects on bee species diversity by influencing the availability of nesting and floral resources. Here, using twelve sites embedded in an agriculture–forest mosaic in the tropical highlands of Guatemala, we investigated the relative effects of climate seasonality and landscape heterogeneity on bee and floral-resource community structure and on their mutualistic network architecture. We found that climate seasonality affected bee diversity, which was higher in the wet season and associated positively with the availability of floral resources across both seasons. Bee community composition also differed between seasons and it was mainly driven by floral-resource richness and the proportion of agricultural, semi-natural and forest cover. In addition to the effects on bee diversity, climate seasonality also affected flower–bee visitation networks. We documented higher relative (null model corrected) nestedness in the dry season compared to the wet season. Niche partitioning as a result of competition for scarce resources in the dry season could be the process driving the differences in the network structure between seasons. Furthermore, relative nestedness was consistently smaller than zero, and relative modularity and specialization were consistently larger than zero in both seasons, suggesting the existence of isolated groups of interacting partners in all our flower–bee visitation networks. Our results highlight the effect of climatic seasonality and the importance of preserving local floral resources and natural heterogeneous habitats for the conservation of bee communities and their pollination services in tropical highlands.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, for its support in the conception and design of this work, which will be presented as a part of the thesis of NEK to acquire the Doctoral Degree; and the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala for providing financial and logistical support. We also thank Terry Griswold for aiding in taxonomic identification of bees, Jessica López for curation and identification of plants, María José Hernández for field work support, María del Coro Arizmendi for her recommendations and Eunice Enríquez for her continued support.

Funding

This study was funded by the Dirección General de Investigación (DIGI), Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, through the grant 4.8.63.2.27–2012.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unidad para el Conocimiento, Uso y Valoración de la Biodiversidad, Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas–CECON-, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Avenida La Reforma 0-63 zona 10, 01010, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala

    Natalia Escobedo-Kenefic, Patricia Landaverde-González, Edson Cardona & Oscar Martínez

  2. General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany

    Patricia Landaverde-González & Panagiotis Theodorou

  3. Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 5, Berlin, D-14195, Germany

    María José Dardón

  4. Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n, Barrio María Auxiliadora, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, 29290, Chiapas, México

    Oscar Martínez

  5. Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 70-275, 04510, Ciudad de México, México

    Natalia Escobedo-Kenefic & César A. Domínguez

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  1. Natalia Escobedo-Kenefic
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  2. Patricia Landaverde-González
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  3. Panagiotis Theodorou
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  4. Edson Cardona
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  7. César A. Domínguez
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Contributions

NEK, MJD and CD designed the study; NEK, EC, MJD, PLG and OM collected, cured and made taxonomical identifications of the data, PLG and PT analysed the data; NEK, PLG and PT wrote the manuscript. All the authors reviewed and agreed to the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Patricia Landaverde-González, Panagiotis Theodorou or César A. Domínguez.

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Additional information

Communicated by Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter.

Our study provides novel insights into the effects of climatic seasonality, local resources and land-use on bee communities and flower visitation networks in the understudied tropical highlands.

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Escobedo-Kenefic, N., Landaverde-González, P., Theodorou, P. et al. Disentangling the effects of local resources, landscape heterogeneity and climatic seasonality on bee diversity and plant-pollinator networks in tropical highlands. Oecologia 194, 333–344 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04715-8

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