Abstract
Background
Vascular complications are a known risk of catheter-based pulmonary vein antral isolation (PVAI). Procedure-related thromboembolic events necessitate full-dose anticoagulation, which worsens outcomes in the event of vascular access injury.
Objective
Real-time ultrasound allows direct visualization of vascular structures. We hypothesized that ultrasound use with venipuncture reduces vascular complications associated with PVAI.
Methods
Retrospective analysis of all adverse events occurring with PVAI was performed during two periods: 2005–2006 when ultrasound was not used and 2008–2010 when ultrasound was routinely employed. All patients received full-dose IV heparin during PVAI. In the no ultrasound cohort, only 14 % underwent PVAI without stopping warfarin, while 91 % of patients in the ultrasound cohort were on continued warfarin. Only patients deemed at high risk for thromboembolism with a periprocedural international normalized ratio (INR) less than 2 were bridged with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin.
Results
Ultrasound reduced total vascular complications (1.7 vs. 0.5 %, p < 0.01) and decreased the incidence of major vascular complications by sevenfold. Warfarin with INR ≥ 1.2 on the day of PVAI was associated with more vascular complications (4.3 vs. 1.2 %, p < 0.01). Ultrasound guidance overcame the risk associated with warfarin therapy. Vascular complications in anticoagulated patients with INR ≥ 1.2 using ultrasound guidance were two- and ninefold lower than those in patients not using ultrasound with an INR < 1.2 (0.5 vs. 1.2 %, p < 0.05) and INR ≥ 1.2 (0.5 vs. 4.3 %, p < 0.01), respectively.
Conclusion
Ultrasound-guided venipuncture improves the safety profile of PVAI, reducing vascular complications in patients on warfarin to levels below those with no ultrasound and off warfarin.
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Abbreviations
- PVAI:
-
Pulmonary vein antral isolation
- AF:
-
Atrial fibrillation
- AV:
-
Arteriovenous
- F:
-
French
- mg/kg:
-
Milligram per kilogram
- mg:
-
Milligram
- s:
-
Seconds
- mm:
-
Millimeter
- INR:
-
International normalized ratio
- CT:
-
Computed tomography
- OR:
-
Odds ratio
- mg/dl:
-
Milligram per deciliter
- US:
-
Ultrasound
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Conflict of interest
Dr. Christine C. Tanaka-Esposito, Dr. Patrick J. Tchou, and Dr. Daniel J. Cantillon have received modest honorarium from Medtronic, Inc.
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Tanaka-Esposito, C.C., Chung, M.K., Abraham, J.M. et al. Real-time ultrasound guidance reduces total and major vascular complications in patients undergoing pulmonary vein antral isolation on therapeutic warfarin. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 37, 163–168 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-013-9796-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-013-9796-4