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An Investigation of a Polish Version of the Parentification Inventory

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Abstract

Parentification is defined as a pattern of family interactions in which children and adolescents are required to engage in adult-like roles and responsibilities typically reserved for parents. Parentification can interfere with child and adolescent development resulting in harmful outcomes in childhood and later in adulthood. Unfortunately, few measures exist for investigating and assessing parentification, with only a few measures developed and validated among Polish populations. In the current article, we report on two studies that explore the psychometric properties of an adapted version of the Parentification Inventory (PI) designed to assess caregiving among individuals who experienced varying degrees of parentification in their family of origin. The current article presents results from two non-overlapping samples (N = 693 [Study 1]; N = 252 [Study 2]) comprised of Polish emerging adults. In Study 1, the results from exploratory and confirmatory analyses demonstrated the adapted three-factor Polish version of the PI produced scores that are reliable and valid, although with significantly fewer items (22 vs. 12) than the original PI. In Study 2, the results confirmed the adapted Polish version of the PI scores were related to constructs (self-esteem and parent conflict) in theoretically expected ways. We conclude parentification is likely a culture-bound family systems construct that demands careful consideration by international researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. The psychometric properties of scores derived from the PI confirmed the multidimensional model proposed by Hooper (2009) and validated in US samples. The current studies also confirmed the PI—although with 12 items—is a suitable measure to be used with Polish families.

Highlights

  • The Parentification Inventory is a reliable measure to assess for family caregiving.

  • Parentification is correlated with constructs similarly in both US and Polish emerging adults.

  • The Parentification Inventory is a sound option to be used in Polish families.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Center for Educational Transformation at the University of Northern Iowa, USA. We would like to show our appreciation to Professor Roman Konarski, University of Gdańsk, who provided important feedback on the study design and data analytic procedures.

Author contributions

JB: designed and executed the study, wrote, and edited the paper. LMH: collaborated in the data analytic procedures, writing, revising, and editing of the paper. ALW: collaborated with the study design and writing of the paper. PP: analyzed the data and wrote part of the results. AP: collaborated with writing of the paper. TR: collaborated with writing of the paper.

Funding

One of the co-authors received support and funding to conduct this work. JB was financed by the doctoral scholarship from the Polish National Science Center (Narodowe Centrum Nauki); project number 2019/32/T/HS6/00084.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland

    Judyta Borchet, Aleksandra Lewandowska-Walter, Piotr Połomski, Aleksandra Peplińska & Teresa Rostowska

  2. Center for Educational Transformation, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA

    Lisa M. Hooper

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  1. Judyta Borchet
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  2. Lisa M. Hooper
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  6. Teresa Rostowska
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Correspondence to Lisa M. Hooper.

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Borchet, J., Hooper, L.M., Lewandowska-Walter, A. et al. An Investigation of a Polish Version of the Parentification Inventory. J Child Fam Stud 31, 2769–2784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02338-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02338-6

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