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Participation in cultural activities: specification issues

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Abstract

In this paper, we analyse the frequency of individual attendance at cultural events comparing two econometric specifications—the zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) count data model and the double-hurdle model. Moreover, we address in detail the effect of education and economic variables—hourly earnings and non-labour income-on cultural demand. We use the Spanish Time Use Survey (Encuesta de Empleo del Tiempo) 2002–2003 and focus on working-age adults, running separate estimates by gender. Our results confirm that the ZINB model is more suitable to our data than the double-hurdle one. We also conclude that education and income-related variables are important determinants of both the probability of participating and the frequency of participation.

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Notes

  1. Other papers that aggregate cultural activities are Bihagen and Katz-Gerro (2000), Alderighi and Lorenzini (2012) or Wen and Cheng (2013).

  2. However, it has been used in other fields such as sports economics. For example, Buraimo et al. (2010) estimate double-hurdle models to explain the number of days that individuals have practiced sports within a four-week period.

  3. See, e.g. Sayer (2005) and Giménez-Nadal and Sevilla (2012).

  4. See García (1991) for a discussion about alternative methodologies to predict wages.

  5. See Cameron and Trivedi (2013) for a comprehensive analysis of count data models.

  6. In the reminder of this section, we detail the econometric specification of the ZINB model, following Long and Freese (2006).

  7. We tried to estimate a double-hurdle model allowing for correlation between the disturbance terms, but we did not achieve convergence.

  8. The full results of these estimates are available upon request.

  9. As the different specifications of ZINB are nested models, the LR test has also been applied to compare the various models. The results of the LR test also support the choice of our final model.

  10. Individual subscripts are omitted for notational convenience.

  11. McDonald and Moffitt (1980) define this decomposition of marginal effects for Tobit models.

  12. See, for example, Bargain et al. (2014).

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the Consejería de Economía y Empleo del Principado de Asturias (FC-15-GRUPIN 14-064) and by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (ECO2013-43925-R).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Economics Department, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain

    Cristina Muñiz, Plácido Rodríguez & María José Suárez

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  1. Cristina Muñiz
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  2. Plácido Rodríguez
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  3. María José Suárez
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Correspondence to Cristina Muñiz.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Tables 8 and 9.

Table 8 Descriptive statistics (females)
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Table 9 Descriptive statistics (males)
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Muñiz, C., Rodríguez, P. & Suárez, M.J. Participation in cultural activities: specification issues. J Cult Econ 41, 71–93 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-015-9261-6

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