Introduction

Historically, the study of successful aging has overlooked culturally-based conceptualizations of aging (Torres 1999) and has failed to account for the multidimensionality of the aging person (Flood 2002). Our understanding of successful aging has continued to change to incorporate other aspects of psychosocial development, including gerotranscendence (Tornstam 2005). Tornstam (1994) defined gerotranscendence as a transition from a materialistic perspective to a more cosmic and transcendent view of life accompanying the process of aging. More simply, older adults experience increased feelings of connection with past generations and a decreased interest in unnecessary social interaction. This transition during the aging process implies a redefinition of time, place, life and death, and a new understanding of the self across three levels, which will be discussed later.

Tornstam’s gerotranscendence theory is considered one of “positive aging” (Tornstam 2005), an antecedent of successful aging and Lewis (2011) found Alaska Native (AN) Elders defined successful aging holistically and gerotranscendence as an important element that supports AN Elders’ aging process. Recent successful aging studies highlight the importance of maintaining optimal health and functional ability (physical and mental) (Gondo et al. 2013), and given this biomedical focus, many older adults from racial and ethnic minority groups do not meet the criteria. This study expands Lewis’s (2011) AN model of successful aging to include gerotranscendence as a theoretic framework to help AN Elders understand the process of successful aging and authenticates the characteristics and behaviors of those aging successfully. Creating new understandings and ways to appreciate Elders’ experiences will help inform and educate family, community, health, and social service providers who can positively impact the aging process.

Historical Context

It is important to understand and be sensitive to the historical context of the Alaska Native community where Elders have lived and the impact of historical events on their psychosocial development. The text, “Slaves of the Harvest,” written by Torrey and Krukoff (1978) provides a comprehensive account of historical events including the first contact with outsiders, exposure to foreign disease, missionization, colonization, and oppression, as well as survivance (combining survival and resistance) to harness and emphasize indigenous people’s strength and thriving (Vizenor 2008).

Within the context of this study, many AN Elders recalled stories from their parents about the WWII internment experience and the governmental regime under which they used to live. Memories of people who never returned, extremely harsh living conditions, and the loss of whole village sites are trigger points for psychosocial pain and trauma. When the traumatic response of the body - the fight, flight, or freeze response - becomes embedded it fundamentally changes our emotional interaction with the world around us. The term historical trauma is used to describe the constellation of symptoms that occur as a result of cumulative emotional and psychological trauma (Yellow Horse Brave Heart 2003), which can be transmitted across the life span or generations (Denham 2008). Research in psychobiology informs us of the connection between the deep emotional response to trauma and the somatic response conveyed to the body (Conching and Thayer 2019), referred to as epigenetic modifications (Thayer and Non 2015). Epigenetic modifications cause changes in gene expression that can impact physiological systems (McDade et al. 2017; Thayer and Non 2015), including stress, immune, and cardiovascular systems, resulting in increased chronic disease risk, even across generations (Conching and Thayer 2019). The embodiment of trauma and the way it is transmitted interpersonally and between generations has an impact on Elders’ lives, their health, as well as the well-being of their families and communities. For example, AN Elders may not remember traditional dances from their Elders and is unable to teach the youth this once important cultural expression and celebration. This lack of knowledge is traced back to the missionaries banning traditional dancing because their beliefs it was evil, eliminating dancing from their lives completely. This stress and feelings of guilt and shame about dancing may manifest itself as depression and maladaptive behaviors, which are passed down to their children and grandchildren. The Elders in this study emphasized the importance of never forgetting this history and to pass those memories down to future generations as a means of metabolizing this trauma, healing, and strengthening future generations. This aspect of sharing and teaching the youth is a way of healing all generations and an integral part of healthy aging across many racial and ethnic minority groups, especially for Indigenous populations (Lewis and Allen 2017).

Theories of Aging

Within the successful aging literature, Tornstam (1997) proposed gerotranscendence as a developmental step, in which a person shifts their “perspective from a materialistic and pragmatic view of the world to a more transcendent one, normally accompanied by an increase in life satisfaction” (p. 143). The theory of gerotranscendence is based on psychosocial development theory and states that human development is a process continuing into old age, and this process, when realized fully, ends in a new perspective on life and aging (Wadensten and Carlsson 2003). During this transformative process, an older adult is motivated to resolve and overcome past challenges, while coping with the physical changes that happen before death, resulting in a redefinition of self. As Tornstam (2011) stated, “As we age and mature, we learn to handle life better” (pg. 167).

Tornstam and others proposed this shift in perspective occurs in three dimensions: the cosmic, the self, and social and personal relationships (Rajani and Jawaid 2015). The cosmic dimension focuses on existential changes (Tornstam 2011) and older adults see themselves connected to something larger than themselves (Buchanan et al. 2016). They experience a stronger connection to past and future generations, changed perceptions of life and death, and gain a new perspective on life and what they have experienced. The dimension of self refers to older adults’ changed view of self; they become less self-centered and have new appreciations for life, discover new aspects of their lives, fear death less, and accept the life transitions leading to death (Tornstam 2011). The dimension of social and personal relationships highlights the transitions older adults make as they break away from expected roles in family and community. They may become less judgmental and react with an open mind, which may be new behaviors. Older adults may also decrease their number of relationships to focus on more meaningful associations (Tornstam 2011). These three dimensions of gerotranscendence build upon the major aging theories of activity theory and disengagement theory (see Settersen and Godlewski 2016 for an overview of these aging theories).

Activity theory (Havighurst and Albrecht 1953) posits that maintaining the same level of activity from middle adulthood into old age results in life satisfaction for older adults (Lemon et al. 1972). In contrast, disengagement theory states that older adults begin to withdraw from activity, roles, and society as a whole as they transition from middle to older adulthood (Cumming et al. 1960; Richardson and Barusch 2006; Wadensten 2006). Tornstam’s theory of gerotranscendence countered activity theory by asserting that disengagement was a natural part of the human development process, and that time away from activity - spent in isolation and used for reflection and review - was critical to achieving personal growth toward the end of life.

Guided by the Disengagement Theory, Tornstam noted that although older adults tended to withdraw, they were experiencing a reorientation to a more reflective and satisfying state of being and thinking (Dalby 2006; Jönson and Magnusson 2001; Tornstam 2011), contributing to their development of gerotranscendence. Tornstam (1999) also found older adults with higher degrees of gerotranscendence reported higher levels of ability to control their own physical and social activities, were more satisfied with their adjusted social activity, and reported higher life satisfaction. Tornstam, however, suggested that gerotranscendence cannot be viewed simplistically as a new form of social withdrawal, rather, gerotranscendence moves “beyond the dualism of activity and disengagement” to present a new process whereby people redefine themselves outside of typically accepted labels and cognitive boundaries (Tornstam 2011, p.166).

Erikson’s (1963) last stage of psychosocial development, Ego Integrity, refers to an individual’s acceptance of his or her own life and being able to integrate the elements of their lives that have passed (Tornstam 2011), how they fit together to make a whole (Wadensten 2005) and provide them with a sense of meaning. Leading gerontologists (Butler 1963; Birren 1964) have explored the role of personal meaning and believing that one’s life is worthwhile and significant in the development task of achieving ego integrity (Erikson 1963). An individual who has achieved ego-integrity is described as “having a balanced investment in self as well as in others, and as having moved from concerns with things to ideas, from actions to meanings” (Birren and Renner 1980, p. 28), and those who do not achieve this stage experience despair (Erikson 1963).

There is no conclusive evidence that gerotranscendence is universal to all cultures, or religious backgrounds, however, this study provides strong initial evidence supporting AN Elders’ experiences with gerotranscendence. Eliciting AN Elders’ perspectives allows them an opportunity to define what it means for them to age successfully and explain their continued psychosocial development.

Design and Methods

This study is a subset of the parent study, funded by the National Science Foundation, that explored AN successful aging in two rural regions of Alaska (Aleutian Pribilof Islands, Norton Sound Southern Sub-region) and the urban center of Southcentral Alaska (Anchorage and the Mat-Su Valley). For this study we used a nominative sample: AN Elders were nominated by their community and tribal councils as community members they considered to be successfully aging or achieving Eldership, and fulfilling the roles and duties expected of AN Elders (e.g., role models, mentors, leaders, and so on).

Semi-structured, in-depth, interviews were conducted in the community, one-on-one in the Elder’s homes, community center, or other location of their choosing using 22 standardized questions. Questions were a mix of open-ended and closed questions based on the Explanatory Model Interview Protocol (Kleinman 1980) covering topics such as how AN Elders define successful aging, what helps them to age well, as well as whether or not they believe their community is supportive of them aging successfully. Questions also asked what it means to age poorly and how they avoid poor aging. Follow up questions were asked to clarify and follow up on details. Interview questions can be found in Appendix A. Elders were allowed to ask questions of the interviewer, provide feedback about the interview process, and able to stop the interview at any point for any reason. An interpreter was made available for any Elder that wanted to participate in their native language. The interview was recorded and transcribed for analysis. (See Lewis 2011 for more on parent study methods.)

Demographics

Twenty-nine AN Elders from two rural communities were interviewed. Twenty AN Elders currently living in one of the two rural communities and nine born in the communities but currently living in Anchorage and the Matanuska Susitna Valley. Participants from the two rural communities were Unalaska (11) and St. George (9). The age range was 46 and 87, with an average age of 67 (Table 1). Collectively the rural participants had 1251 years of lived experience in the region. Most participants were women (19), married (12), and were at least high school graduates (23). Thirteen Elders indicated having learned the Aleut/Unangax language as their first language.

Table 1 Participant demographics
Full size table

Data Analysis

The qualitative data provided information on successful aging in rural Alaska, what aging means to Elders, and what needs must be met to ensure they age successfully in their community. An inductive research strategy was used in which ideas, concepts, and themes emerged from the data by beginning an inquiry without a priori definitions or hypotheses about what will be discovered (Yegidis et al. 1999).

Thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke 2012; Fereday and Muir-Cochrane 2006; Johnson & Onwuegbuzie et al. 2009) was performed through the process of open and axial coding to create meaningful patterns related to successful aging (see Fig. 1 for data analysis flowchart). In open coding, the two authors became familiar with the data by reading the interview transcripts multiple times and keeping notes. Latent codes, or the unobservable constructs, were created to capture participants’ experiences of successful aging based on the interpretive analysis of the authors (Clarke et al. 2015; Neuendorf 2019) and 24 initial codes were developed to organize the data into a theoretical fashion relevant to the study. Next, the authors organized the codes into thematic clusters, referred to as axial coding, which served as the larger themes used to explore the process of successful aging. A sample of representative quotes and coding is included in Appendix 2 Table 6. Once the codes were clustered, both authors met to discuss the cross-coding, modify the themes (Boyatzis 1998) and identified broader patterns of meaning (see Table 2). The two authors explored how the themes related to one another and if they told a convincing story that illuminated the experiences and processes of successful aging (Neuendorf 2019; Nowell et al. 2017). Next, we used selective coding to establish the five core elements, or themes (Corbin and Strauss 1990) of successful aging for AN Elders and the authors wrote up the findings (Alholjailan 2012). Adhering to principles of CBPR, which are particularly well-suited for research with tribal communities (Rasmus 2014), the authors presented preliminary findings to participating communities to solicit feedback and ensure analyses and findings were representative of the Elders’ experiences and understandings of successful aging (Lewis 2011).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Data Analysis Flow Chart

Full size image
Table 2 Codes grouped into themes from inductive thematic analysis, (# of interviews) [# of times coded]
Full size table

Results

This study looked at the concept of successful aging or Eldership and how AN Elders’ perspectives change as they more fully recognize and embrace their role as an Elder. The findings supported the four elements of the AN model of successful aging developed by Lewis (2011): Mental and Emotional Wellbeing, Spirituality, Purposefulness and Engagement, and Physical Health, and though the experiences of Elders were unique to the region they are thematically consistent with previous research on the subject (Lewis 2011, 2013a, b, 2014a, b).

Elder participants shared stories of the past including important events in their lives and the lives of earlier generations highlighting the importance of reflection, personal growth, and psychosocial development. Elders who more strongly identified with their role in the community described how their perspective had changed and they shared stories that emphasized culture, connection to the land, and enjoyment of daily activities that resulted in increased life satisfaction.

The Elders in this study also provided clear evidence that they experienced aspects of gerotranscendence, which builds upon the earlier work developed by Lewis. Tornstam (1997) described and categorized the qualitative changes Elders undergo as they experience gerotranscendence, which include the cosmic dimension, the self, and social and personal relationships. The following section will outline Tornstam’s categories and provide the Alaska Native Elders’ context with a quote to illustrate the meaning in their own words.

Cosmic Dimension

Tornstam (2011) explained the cosmic dimension as a reinterpretation of past experiences in which “the distance between the past and present is disappearing” (pg. 169). Elders described the importance of participating in traditional subsistence activities for personal health (physical, mental, spiritual) and maintaining a connection to ancestors through cultural activities (e.g., dancing, singing, arts and crafts, subsistence harvesting and gathering). The following table illustrates the Comic Dimension (Table 3).

Table 3 The Cosmic Dimension
Full size table

Tornstam (2011) also highlighted how Elders developed a strong connection to previous generations, creating a “link in the generational chain, where the chain itself is important, not me” (pg. 169). This was reiterated frequently in many interviews as a strong desire to pass on the Native way of life.

Gerotranscendence helps us understand how Elders come to reconcile life and death, being thankful and appreciative of life and also not be overly attached to material items. Several Elders expressed gratitude when they woke up each day and acknowledge that one day they may not rise with the sun, a reality they have accepted. Elders in the study spoke from personal experience and focused on knowledge gained through lived experience and traditional understanding. Elders’ thoughts and opinions on topics were less hardened and significant the farther conversation extended beyond family, community, place and tradition. Tornstam highlighted that as we grow older we recognize that human intellect may have its limits. Elders shared the joy and happiness they got from deep connection with their community manifest in everyday actions like visiting with family and friends.

The Self

Many Elders spent time reflecting on their past experiences, sharing stories of poor choices and mistakes they made, which signifies their ability to confront their former self and highlight the positive outcomes and personal benefits of this self-reflection. Tornstam (2011) described this reflective process in which Elders look back at earlier phases in their life and discover hidden meaning in the choices made – the good and bad aspects of a life lived. The following table, The Self (Table 4), illustrates how Tornstam and Alaska Native Elders actualize the Self

Table 4 The Self
Full size table

.

The process of personal growth following self-reflection is well documented in other research by Lewis and Allen (2017) in which Elders spoke about issues of drug and alcohol use and the use of redemptive narratives and generative behaviors and actions. Elders spoke openly and candidly about decisions and behaviors that prevented them from being involved in family, community, and traditional activities and they shared how these behaviors were incompatible with the roles and expectations of being an Elder. By reconnecting with cultural values and beliefs, Elders found reason and motivation for sobriety. The participants in this study highlighted what Tornstam identified as Elders arriving at a middle ground; they are taking themselves less seriously, focusing time on what they deem to be important, and being more selective in their choice of social activities. In addition, they realized that past decisions did not define them, and their past experiences can have a positive impact on others in their family and community.

Tornstam describes body-transcendence as acceptance of the body, appearance, and physical limitations. Several participants considered that an individual becomes an Elder when their physical health declines, they lose mobility, and can no longer do the activities they once could. In small communities, this increases the dependence on family, peers, and local services, which adds depth to social interactions and provides the opportunity for Elders to realize their shifting role as teacher and purveyor of knowledge.

Elders in this study discussed the importance of sharing experiences and traditional knowledge with others. Elders in these communities realized that when their Elders passed on they were responsible for passing on this accumulated wisdom and for many this was a new role, which resulted in a redefinition of self.

Tornstam’s theory of Gerotranscendence borrows the concept of Ego Integrity from Erikson and describes a change in perspective where Elders can integrate different pieces of their life and the experience accrued, where the good and bad became a coherent whole. Acknowledging and integrating personal challenges, adversity, and stories of resilience are integral to the process of self-reflection and illustrates the way Elders process and their perspective evolves. Through this reflection of past experiences and how Elders were able to overcome challenges, they developed a reliable and valuable sense of self.

Social and Personal Relationships

Elders prioritized whom they spent their time with and what they spent their time doing. For some Elders in this study, there was an increased emphasis on community, cultural activities, caring for grandchildren, and visiting with other Elders in their community. For others, there was an increased need for time to engage in self-reflection and solitude. Many Elders spoke fondly of routine activities they enjoyed, including listening to the radio, doing word puzzles, and cleaning the house. These ordinary and mundane activities allowed time for personal reflection and highlighted a shift in their priorities to emphasize quality personal interaction over quantity. Elders also highlighted the importance of a better relationship with themself and an interest in doing activities alone that others, who are preoccupied, may fail to appreciate. The following table illustrates Social and Personal Relationships (Table 5)

Table 5 Social and Personal Relationships
Full size table

.

The Elders in this study were challenged by physical ailments from an aging body and also ailments due to roles played within their family and community. Eldership provides the opportunity to abandon or transcend roles and redefine important social relationships. For some Elders, this involved acknowledging limitations and giving up their role as a provider. For others, this involved taking on a role as a purveyor of traditional knowledge and culture.

Other Elders described stepping into new roles intentionally to share knowledge from their learned experiences. An Elder spoke about a personal decision to maintain sobriety and a need for others in that situation to step forward and take on a new role as a community leader.

The Elders in this study reported that they were less afraid of judgment from others and did not continue to feel pressure to conform. Elders shared that many social norms were no longer as important to them as they were in the past. Tornstam calls this emancipated innocence and we experienced this when Elders were goofy, telling silly jokes, and playing along with young kids.

Many Elders shared concerns about the younger generation’s preoccupation with technology and popular culture, which is an example of what Tornstam described as modern asceticism. Elders often described kids as captured in a materialistic conception of the world, spending their time on electronic devices and superficial relationships and things (Tornstam 1989). The Elders in this study felt that pop culture materialism will prevent the youth from growing up as a healthy Native person or age successfully.

One Elder described how she questioned her judgments about the younger generation being aloof, disinterested, and not interacting with Elders. She chose to reassess what she was sure of and recognized that rather than the younger generation doing it wrong, she needed to withhold her judgment and, as Tornstam states, transcend everyday wisdom.

Discussion

Most Elders in this study highlighted continued advancement through life stages or psychosocial development (Erikson and Erikson 1998), which contributed to their understanding of successful aging. In the 8th stage of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development, Ego Integrity versus Despair, individuals re-examine their life and are confronted with their evaluation of whether they are content with a happy, productive life or hold onto disappointments and unachieved goals. Erikson’s wife and co-contributor, Joan Erikson, proposed an additional 9th stage of development, described as a psychosocial crisis in which all previous eight stages are encountered again. The central problem, or conflict, she proposed is the attention demanded to one’s loss of capacities and disintegration.

One answer to the conflict raised by Joan Erikson, and well documented in the literature of successful aging, is the theory of gerotranscendence. Gero refers to “old” and transcendence means “rising above;” the process in which Elders recreate themselves with wisdom accrued through life and experience an increase in life satisfaction (Tornstam 1989). This theory explains the developmental shift people experience in old age and helps community members better understand the situational shifts Elders experience in their daily lives. This shift is made from the middle-aged person’s definition of reality based on a materialistic and rational vision to the aging person’s more cosmic and transcendent vision (Tornstam 1992).

Those Elders adapting to aging-related changes and embracing their role as an Elder provided the greatest evidence of achieving gerotranscendence; they developed new perspectives on life, took on new roles within the community, and experienced a shift in mindset that reinforced the importance of culture, tradition, and the Native Way of Life. Through achieving gerotranscendence, they have also acquired wisdom, all of which contribute to a higher quality of life and ability to age successfully.

It is important to acknowledge that not all AN Elders are at the same place in their psychosocial development. Tornstam (1997) highlighted that the developmental process towards gerotranscendence can be obstructed or accelerated by life crises and grief, and elements in the culture and environment can also facilitate or impede the process. Gerotranscendence is also not a linear process that individuals progress through, nor is it something worked for, something earned, or what an Elder strives to achieve. Instead, this study taught us how Elders’ perspectives change as a result of accumulated life experiences, interactions with their local environment, culture, and social circumstances; all of which enabled them to adapt and change to age successfully and embrace Eldership.

Conclusion

Traditionally, healthcare providers have focused on prolonging life, which has been falsely equated with increasing quality of life. In traditional western cultures, people aim to live longer, maintain their independence, and engage in social activities, all of which are championed as evidence of successful aging (Rowe and Kahn 1997). On the other hand, dependence on family or care providers, reliance on community-based social services, and time spent for personal reflection are seen as pathological and not indicators of successful aging. This study reminds us that we must treat the entire person, including their physical ailments and their continued psychosocial development, both of which are integral to successful aging.

This study challenges the Western, medical model of aging and disease where behaviors associated with gerotranscendence are pathological (Buchanan et al. 2015). Rather, this study reminds us to recognize that the behaviors, mindset, and changes AN Elders experience are unique to the culture and context of their region and community. This contextual understanding is important to consider if we wish to support Elders in their later stages of life. This study helps us to understand that as Elders age they can develop new perspectives on life, which in addition to coping with physical ailments, also provides them with increased life satisfaction.

Many Elders expressed concern for the future and the Native Way of Life, which exemplifies what Tornstam defined as a shift from a materialistic view to a more transcendent and universal view. For example, the communities in this region of Alaska are experiencing an aging demographic more pronounced than other regions of Alaska. In contrast to many western societies where the changing demographics are often attributed to declining birth rates, in these small island communities there has been an exodus of younger generations for education and employment. Several Elders shared that the absence of a younger generation gave them concern for the future of the community. For some, the lack of interaction with the younger generation and their inability to participate in generative acts has prohibited them from fully actualizing their role as an Elder in their community. Notably absent from the Elders’ interviews was the expressed concern for status, high paying jobs, and monetary wealth. When Elders’ reflected on what was important and identified as a link in the multigenerational changes they were witnessing, they prioritized family, cultural traditions and values, and subsistence activities; the things that define them as Alaska Native and will support the survivance of indigenous culture and the Native Way of Life.

We have learned from this study that gerotranscendence is a cross-cultural concept, a later stage in a natural progression toward wisdom and maturation (Rajani and Jawaid 2015). Despite experiencing past hardships and facing limitations due to growing older, AN Elders are thriving, embracing the aging process on their terms, and willing to share experiences that will benefit us all in the future.

Recommendations

This research reinforces the importance of storytelling and the role of narrative medicine in helping us understand the relational and psychological dimensions of normal or usual aging. The use of the explanatory method to understand patient ideas, beliefs, and values about aging is at the heart of a strengths-based approach to health, wellness, and successful aging. This study reminds us to treat the entire person and employ humility as we strive to understand Elder behaviors, mindset, values, and beliefs within their unique cultural context and life stage. Chimamanda Adichie warns us of “the danger of a single story” and the importance of taking time to understand the individual, recognizing that communities have their own unique cultural context and within the community, there are individuals at varying life stages more or less engaged in personal reflection with different roles in their family, social circles, and community. Importantly, we must continue to build a cross-cultural understanding of gerotranscendence and begin to appreciate the nuanced differences that are rooted in culture, community, and geography.

Person-centered care is grounded in narrative medicine and recognizes the accumulated knowledge of the person and their agency to participate in their treatment; therein the concept of Gerotranscendence takes center stage. Person-centered care includes treatment of specific deficits but more importantly, through the patient’s active engagement in the process, supports and facilitates continued psychosocial development. General guidelines for interventions that support gerotranscendence have been developed (Wadensten and Carlsson 2003) and outcomes studied (Wang et al. 2011) but research is needed to validate the practice and implement them with the support of AN Elders and community organizations.

Healthcare providers are acutely aware that depression, isolation, and loneliness can have a negative impact on Elders’ health and successful aging. According to Tornstam (1997), negative events, or crises, can accelerate the development of gerotranscendence (Read et al. 2014), but little research has explored this relationship closer. Previous studies have found that negative life experiences later in life result in an increased cosmic transcendence (Read et al. 2014), and multiple life crises can accelerate its development (Tornstam 2003). Tornstam (1999) found that those who feared death showed no signs of gerotranscendence, but older adults who were able to shift their perspectives from fearing death to accepting it as a natural part of aging (Tornstam 1997) showed more signs of gerotranscendence. For AN Elders, many have experienced the death of loved one(s) as a result of accidents, drugs and alcohol, suicide, or other traumatic events, and despite their loss, they accept death as a part of life and continue to move forward in life to serve as role models and support their family and community. Based on Tornstam’s theory of gerotranscendence, these traumatic events throughout their life contributes to their development of gerotranscendence. In addition to this relationship with previous personal crises, gerotranscendence is also a new lens to view adaptive behaviors and coping strategies that previously may have been misunderstood as pathological and detrimental to health and successful aging.

Acknowledging gerotranscendence as a process in which Elders continue psychosocial development is significant and provides a framework to understand the changes in behavior, perspective, and social relationships that may outwardly appear maladaptive. Elders describe behaviors unique to their community, culture, and social context and highlight areas of personal growth that allows for increased life satisfaction despite surmounting challenges associated with aging,

Engaging AN Elders to share their experiences helps communities and researchers understand indigenous perspectives on successful aging, specifically what Elders value and what enables them to age successfully. Supporting gerotranscendence may help older adults cultivate positive views of aging, which may lead to improved psychological and spiritual wellbeing (Gondo et al. 2013), improve the lives of AN Elders, and that of the future generations who see them as role models for successful aging. Continued progress will likely have a positive influence on Elder psychosocial development and health outcomes. We would like to dedicate this research and honor the life and work of the late Dr. Howard Luke (1923–2019) of Nenana and Fairbanks, Alaska.