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Additive or Interactive Associations of Food Allergies with Glutathione S-Transferase Genes in Relation to ASD and ASD Severity in Jamaican Children

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Abstract

To investigate additive and interactive associations of food allergies with three glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in relation to ASD and ASD severity in Jamaican children. Using data from 344 1:1 age- and sex-matched ASD cases and typically developing controls, we assessed additive and interactive associations of food allergies with polymorphisms in GST genes (GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1) in relation to ASD by applying conditional logistic regression models, and in relation to ASD severity in ASD cases as measured by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2nd Edition (ADOS-2) total and domains specific comparison scores (CSs) by fitting general linear models. Although food allergies and GST genes were not associated with ASD, ASD cases allergic to non-dairy food had higher mean ADOS-2 Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors (RRB) CS (8.8 vs. 8.0, P = 0.04). In addition, allergy to dairy was associated with higher mean RRB CS only among ASD cases with GSTT1 DD genotype (9.9 vs. 7.8, P < 0.01, interaction P = 0.01), and GSTP1 Val/Val genotype under a recessive genetic model (9.8 vs. 7.8, P = 0.02, interaction P = 0.06). Our findings are consistent with the role for GST genes in ASD and food allergies, though require replication in other populations.

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Funding

This research is funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) by a grant (R01ES022165), as well as the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center (NIH-FIC) by a grant (R21HD057808) awarded to University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. We also acknowledge the support provided by the Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) component of the Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS) for this project. CCTS is mainly funded by the NIH Centers for Translational Science Award (NIH CTSA) grant (UL1 RR024148), awarded to University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston in 2006 by the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), and its 2012 renewal (UL1 TR000371) as well as another 2019 grant (UL1TR003167) by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). Furthermore, we acknowledge that the data management was done using REDCap (Harris et al. 2009). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIEHS, NICHD, NIH-FIC, NCRR, or NCATS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Sepideh Saroukhani & Mohammad H. Rahbar

  2. Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) Core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Sepideh Saroukhani, Manouchehr Hessabi & Mohammad H. Rahbar

  3. Department of Child & Adolescent Health, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Kingston, Jamaica

    Maureen Samms-Vaughan & Sydonnie Shakespeare-Pellington

  4. Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Jan Bressler, Megan L. Grove & Mohammad H. Rahbar

  5. Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Jan Bressler & Megan L. Grove

  6. Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA

    MinJae Lee

  7. Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, School of Public Health Regional Campus at Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX, 78701, USA

    Courtney Byrd-Williams

  8. Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, Houston, USA

    Katherine A. Loveland

Authors
  1. Sepideh Saroukhani
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  2. Maureen Samms-Vaughan
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  3. Jan Bressler
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  4. MinJae Lee
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  5. Courtney Byrd-Williams
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  6. Manouchehr Hessabi
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  7. Megan L. Grove
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  8. Sydonnie Shakespeare-Pellington
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  9. Katherine A. Loveland
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  10. Mohammad H. Rahbar
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Contributions

SS was primarily responsible for conceptualization, analyzing the data, interpreting the findings, and drafting the manuscript. MHR is the Principal Investigator (PI) of the ERAJ and ERAJ-2 studies from which these data originated and is responsible for designing and obtaining funding for these studies. MHR also served as chair of SS’s PhD Epidemiology dissertation committee and participated in interpreting the findings and revising the manuscript. MSV is co-investigator and PI of subcontract to the UWI for the ERAJ and ERAJ-2 studies and is responsible for designing the study and providing oversight to our study team in Jamaica. MSV also participated in revising the manuscript. JB and KL are co-Investigators of the ERAJ and ERAJ-2 studies who contributed to the study design, and also served on SS’s PhD Epidemiology dissertation committee and participated in revising the manuscript. ML and CBW served on SS’s PhD Epidemiology dissertation committee and participated in interpreting the findings and revising the manuscript. MH is responsible for data management of the ERAJ and ERAJ-2 studies and participated in revising the manuscript. MLG participated in revising the manuscript. SSP was responsible for data collection and participated in revising the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad H. Rahbar.

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Saroukhani, S., Samms-Vaughan, M., Bressler, J. et al. Additive or Interactive Associations of Food Allergies with Glutathione S-Transferase Genes in Relation to ASD and ASD Severity in Jamaican Children. J Autism Dev Disord 54, 704–724 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05813-7

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