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Valence Scaling of Dynamic Facial Expressions is Altered in High-Functioning Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorders: an fMRI Study

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Abstract

FMRI was performed with the dynamic facial expressions fear and happiness. This was done to detect differences in valence processing between 25 subjects with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and 27 typically developing controls. Valence scaling was abnormal in ASDs. Positive valence induces lower deactivation and abnormally strong activity in ASD in multiple regions. Negative valence increased deactivation in visual areas in subjects with ASDs. The most marked differences between valences focus on fronto-insular and temporal regions. This supports the idea that subjects with ASDs may have difficulty in passive processing of the salience and mirroring of expressions. When the valence scaling of brain activity fails, in contrast to controls, these areas activate and/or deactivate inappropriately during facial stimuli presented dynamically.

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Abbreviations

AS:

Asperger syndrome

ADI-R:

Autism diagnostic interview-revised

ADOS:

Autism diagnostic observation schedule

ASDs:

Autism spectrum disorders

ASSQ:

Autism spectrum screening questionnaire

AROUSAL:

Dimension refers to the intensity of emotions, varying from very low to very high

BOLD:

Blood oxygenation level-dependent

EK:

Ekman’s collections

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

HFA:

High functioning autism

K-SADS-PL:

Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version

MNS:

Mirror neuron system

MNI:

Montreal neurological institute

TD:

Typically developing

TKK:

“Helsinki University of Technology (TKK) video sequence collection”

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Acknowledgments

We thank the participants and their parents, who graciously gave their time to participate in this study. This study received financial support from the Alma and K. A. Snellman Foundation, Oulu, Finland; the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Finland; Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District; the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finland; the Thule Institute, Oulu University Hospital, Finland; the Lundbeck Foundation, Turku, Finland. This study was also funded by Finnish Academy Grants #117111 and #123772 and Finnish Medical Foundation grants. The Graduate School of Circumpolar Wellbeing, Health and Adaptation is acknowledged for its support. We would also like to thank the National Alliance for Autism Research for financial support granted to David Pauls.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Child Psychiatry, University and University Hospital of Oulu, P.O. Box 26, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland

    Jukka S. Rahko, Tuula M. Hurtig, Marja-Leena Mattila, Katja K. Jussila, Sanna A. Kuusikko-Gauffin, Hanna E. Ebeling & Irma K. Moilanen

  2. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University and University Hospital of Oulu, P.O. Box 50, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland

    Jyri-Johan Paakki, Tuomo H. Starck, Juha Nikkinen, Jukka J. Remes, Osmo Tervonen & Vesa Kiviniemi

  3. Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St, 6th, Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    David L. Pauls

  4. Mind and Brain Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science (BECS), The Aalto University School of Science and Technology, University of Aalto, P.O. Box 12200, 00076, Espoo, Finland

    Jari V. Kätsyri & Mikko E. Sams

  5. Department of Behavioral Sciences and Philosophy, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCN), University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, 20017, Oulu, Finland

    Eira M. Jansson-Verkasalo

  6. Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA

    Alice S. Carter

  7. Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden

    Sven Bölte

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  1. Jukka S. Rahko
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  2. Jyri-Johan Paakki
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Correspondence to Jukka S. Rahko.

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Rahko, J.S., Paakki, JJ., Starck, T.H. et al. Valence Scaling of Dynamic Facial Expressions is Altered in High-Functioning Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorders: an fMRI Study. J Autism Dev Disord 42, 1011–1024 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1332-8

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