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The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder – Parent (PSCD-P): Convergent Validity, Incremental Validity, and Reactions to Unfamiliar Peer Confederates

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Abstract

Youth who experience psychopathy display multiple impairments across interpersonal (grandiose-manipulative [GM]), affective (callous-unemotional [CU]), lifestyle (daring-impulsive [DI]), and potentially antisocial and behavioral features. Recently, it has been acknowledged that the inclusion of psychopathic features can offer valuable information in relation to the etiology of Conduct Disorder (CD). Yet, prior work largely focuses on the affective component of psychopathy, namely CU. This focus creates uncertainty in the literature on the incremental value of a multicomponent approach to understanding CD-linked domains. Consequently, researchers developed the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD; Salekin & Hare, 2016) as a multicomponent approach to assess GM, CU, and DI features in combination with CD symptoms. The notion of considering the wider set of psychopathic features for CD specification requires testing whether multiple personality dimensions predict domain-relevant criterion outcomes above-and-beyond a CU-based approach. Thus, we tested the psychometric properties of parents’ reports on the PSCD (PSCD-P) in a mixed clinical/community sample of 134 adolescents (Mage = 14.49, 66.4% female). Confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a 19-item PSCD-P displaying acceptable reliability estimates and a bifactor solution consisting of GM, CU, DI, and CD factors. Findings supported the incremental validity of scores taken from the PSCD-P across multiple criterion variables, including (a) an established survey measure of parent-adolescent conflict; and (b) trained independent observers’ ratings of adolescents’ behavioral reactions to laboratory controlled tasks designed to simulate social interactions with unfamiliar peers. These findings have important implications for future research on the PSCD and links to adolescents’ interpersonal functioning.

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Notes

  1. Demographic data for the two groups are available upon request from the corresponding author.

  2. Following the normative cut-off method from Kemp et al. (2021), we examined the base rate for elevated ICU scores in the current sample. Specifically, the recommended sex- and age-based ICU parent-report norm was applied: raw total score ≥ 34 for males; and ≥ 30 for females. Using this method, we found that 6 male adolescents scored above the cutoff. In addition, 9 female adolescents scored above the cutoff. This is in the 7–10% range and thus may be considered fairly high for this sample given our methods for participant recruitment.

  3. We conducted supplementary analyses of relations between PSCD-P scores and independent observers’ ratings of social anxiety and social skills depending on parents’ ratings of their adolescent’s social anxiety concerns. These analyses revealed non-significant effects for the moderation of social anxiety.

  4. We repeated these hierarchical regression analyses using the ICU total score. The same general pattern of findings emerged as those observed with the ICU subscale scores. Specifically, we found that over-and-above the variance accounted for by parent-reported ICU reports on independent raters’ observations of social skills and social anxiety (β = -0.22; R2 = 0.05; p < 0.05; and, β = 0.13; R2 = 0.02; p = 0.123, respectively), GM factor scale contributed a positive and small-to-moderate-magnitude effect on independent raters’ observations of social skills (β = 0.28; ∆R2 = 0.07; p < 0.01); and a negative and small-to-moderate-magnitude effect on social anxiety (β = -0.29; ∆R2 = 0.08; p < 0.001).

  5. Prior work indicates that adolescents’ reactions to socially stressful situations normatively exhibit increased emotional reactions (i.e., greater arousal and observed anxiety; Cannon et al., 2020) to these tasks in other studies.

  6. It should be noted, however, that reliance upon fit statistics alone can be a fallible index of fit. Other factors, such as theory, convergent-discriminant validity, and incremental validity are also important to consider (see also Greene et al., 2022).

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Acknowledgements

We thank the participants and their parents for their participation in the study. We also thank the Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program (University of Maryland at College Park) lab members for their invaluable efforts regarding this study.

Funding

Efforts by the third (BAM) and fifth (ADLR) authors were supported by a grant from the Institute of Education Sciences (R324A180032).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Biology/Psychology Building, Room 3123H, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Nicholas A. Bellamy, Bridget A. Makol & Andres De Los Reyes

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

    Randall T. Salekin

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Tara M. Augenstein

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  1. Nicholas A. Bellamy
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  5. Andres De Los Reyes
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Correspondence to Andres De Los Reyes.

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Bellamy, N.A., Salekin, R.T., Makol, B.A. et al. The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder – Parent (PSCD-P): Convergent Validity, Incremental Validity, and Reactions to Unfamiliar Peer Confederates. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 51, 1097–1113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01056-x

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