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Blunted Flanker P300 Demonstrates Specificity to Depressive Symptoms in Females during Adolescence

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Abstract

Recent research suggests that depressive disorders in adults are characterized by reductions in flanker P300 amplitude, and that a reduced flanker P300 may also predict worst depressive trajectories over time. The current study extended this work to adolescence—and to evaluate the specificity of the relationship between flanker P300 to depressive symptoms versus anxiety symptoms, and whether the association between flanker P300 and depressive symptoms was moderated by biological sex. To this end, P300 amplitude, depression, anxiety, and sex were assessed in a large sample of 619 adolescents aged 11 to 14. Participants completed a speeded response flanker task while EEG was recorded, as well as self-reported measures of current depression and anxiety symptoms. Reduced P300 amplitude was related to both heightened depression and anxiety symptoms in zero-order correlations. Regression-based analyses suggest that reduced P300 was uniquely related to depressive symptoms. Furthermore, this negative association between P300 and depression was apparent in female adolescents, but not male adolescents. In sum, the current study suggests that flanker P300 amplitude may potentially serve as a neural marker specific to depression in females during adolescence.

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Notes

  1. A total of 23 participants did not answer their ethnicity or race (n = 596).

  2. A total of 59 participants did not answer questions related to psychotropic medication status (n = 560).

  3. Results from the multiple regression remain unchanged when adding correct reaction time, error rate, psychotropic medication status and N200 amplitude as additional predictors into the model. The overall model remains significant, F(7, 552) = 14.56, p < .001, and CDI total score (b =-.15, t(560) = -2.55, p = .011, sr = -.10, 95% CI [-0.26, -0.03]) and age (b =-1.81, t(560) = -6.64, p < .001, sr = -.26, 95% CI [-2.34, -1.27]) still emerge as significant predictors. Additionally, N200 amplitude is also a significant predictor of P300 amplitude in this model, b = .21, t(560) = 3.90, p < .001, sr = .15, 95% CI [0.11, 0.32], such that participants with reduced N200 amplitude exhibited larger P300.

  4. Results do not change when predicting P300 amplitude on congruent trials compared to P300 amplitude on incongruent trials. Current depressive symptoms, not anxiety symptoms, are a significant predictor of P300 amplitude while controlling for age.

  5. N200 amplitude (b = .05, SE = .02, OR = 1.05, p = .004), P300 amplitude (b = .03, SE = .01, OR = 1.03, p = .031), and current depressive symptoms (b = -.06, SE = .01, OR = 0.94, p < .001) are all independent predictors of sex. The overall model is significant as well, X2(3) = 45.44, p < .001. Sex is coded female = 0 and male = 1 in the model.

  6. Including N200 amplitude and current psychotropic medication status as additional independent variables into the regression does not affect the current results. The overall model remains significant, F(6,553) = 14.60, p < .001, and the P300 x sex interaction term is still significant, b = .35, t(590) = 4.23, p < .001, sr = .17, 95% CI [0.19, 0.51].

  7. The multiple linear regression from the previous section (i.e. Table 2) was conducted again only in female participants (n = 292) in order to avoid the confounding sex main effect involving P300 amplitude. This overall model remains significant, F(3,288) = 22.68, p < .001. Consistent with our original model involving the entire sample, current depressive symptoms (b = -.29, t(292) = -3.88, p < .001, sr = -.21, 95% CI [-0.41, -0.13]) and age (b = -1.68, t(292) = -5.26, p < .001, sr = -.28, 95% CI [-2.31, -1.05]) are the only significant predictors of P300 amplitude such that female participants with lower levels of depression and younger female participants exhibit heightened P300 amplitude. Current anxiety symptoms were not a significant independent variable in the model, b = .04, t(292) = 1.04, p = .301, sr = .06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.11].

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (7R01MH10647702) to GH and NA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA

    Nicholas J. Santopetro, Alexander M. Kallen, Austin Hunter Threadgill & Greg Hajcak

  2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA

    Austin Hunter Threadgill & Greg Hajcak

  3. Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA

    Nader Amir

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Nicholas Santopetro and Alexander Kallen. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nicholas Santopetro and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Santopetro, N.J., Kallen, A.M., Threadgill, A.H. et al. Blunted Flanker P300 Demonstrates Specificity to Depressive Symptoms in Females during Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 50, 537–548 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00876-z

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