Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessing Social Anxiety in African American Youth using the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children

  • Published:
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Notes

  1. The ESEM configural model was identified in accord with Muthén’s recommendations for ESEM multi-group models with categorical variables and theta parameterization (Muthén and Muthén 1998–2011). Specifically, all item residuals were initially constrained to 1 in both groups and latent factor means were constrained to 0 in both groups. Further, to estimate the ESEM model across groups, latent factor variances were set to 1 across groups. Once factor loadings and thresholds were constrained to equality across groups for the strong invariance tests, constraints on latent factor means and variances and item residuals were released in the second non-reference group.

  2. Chi-square differences using the WLSMV estimator were ascertained from an algorithm based on Asparouhov et al. (2006).

  3. Partial invariance tests of latent factor means is not possible in ESEM.

References

  • Albano, A. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1996). Guide to the use of the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV-child and parent versions. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alegría, M., Lin, J. Y., Green, J. G., Sampson, N. A., Gruber, M. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2012). Role of referrals in mental health service disparities for racial and ethnic minority youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 703–711. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.05.005.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16, 397–438. doi:10.1080/10705510903008204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asparouhov, T., Muthén, L. Muthén, B. O. (2006). Robust chi square difference testing with mean and variance adjusted test statistics. Retrieved from http://www.statmodel.com/download/webnotes/webnote10.pdf.

  • Aune, T., & Stiles, T. C. (2009). Universal-based prevention of syndromal and subsyndromal social anxiety: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 867–879. doi:10.1037/a0015813.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beidel, D. C. (1996). Assessment of childhood social phobia: construct, convergent, and discriminative validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety inventory for Children (SPA-C). Psychological Assessment, 8, 235. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.3.235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1995). A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: the social phobia and anxiety inventory for children. Psychological Assessment, 7, 73–79. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.1.73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beidel, D. C., Fink, C. M., & Turner, S. M. (1996). Stability of anxious symptomatology in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 257–269. doi:10.1007/BF01441631.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1999). Psychopathology of childhood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 643–650. doi:10.1097/00004583-199906000-00010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Hamlin, K., & Morris, T. L. (2000). The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C): external and discriminative validity. Behavior Therapy, 31, 75–87. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(00)80005-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Sallee, F. R., Ammerman, R. T., Crosby, L. A., & Pathak, S. (2007). SET-C versus fluoxetine in the treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1622–1632. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318154bb57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: the issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456–466. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elosua, P. (2011). Assessing measurement equivalence in ordered-categorical data. Psicológica, 32, 403–421. Retrieved from http://www.uv.es/psicologica/articulos2.11/13ELOSUA.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, C. B., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2004). Assessment and treatment of socially phobic children: a cross cultural comparison. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 260–268. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9, 466–491. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghorpade, J., Hattrup, K., & Lackritz, J. R. (1999). The use of personality measures in cross-cultural research: a test of three personality scales across two countries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 670–679. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.5.670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingshead, A. B., & Redlich, F. C. (1958). Social class and mental illness: Community study. New York: John Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, L. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2010). Anxiety psychopathology in African American adults: literature review and development of an empirically informed sociocultural model. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 211–235. doi:10.1037/a0018133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kingery, J., Ginsburg, G. S., & Alfano, C. A. (2007). Somatic symptoms and anxiety among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 33, 363–378. doi:10.1177/0095798407307041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, G. P., Roosa, M. W., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2009). Measurement and measurement equivalence issues. In G. P. Knight, M. W. Roosa, & A. J. Umaña-Taylor (Eds.), Studying ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged populations: Methodological challenges and best practices (pp. 97–134). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11887-004.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83–94. doi:10.1023/A:1022684520514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labouvie, E., & Ruetsch, C. (1995). Testing for equivalence of measurement scales: simple structure and metric invariance reconsidered. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 30, 63–76. Retrieved from http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/618682253?accountid=4485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, M., Seeley, J. R., & Allen, N. B. (1998). Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 109–117. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsitz, J. D., & Schneier, F. R. (2000). Social phobia: epidemiology and cost of illness. PharmacoEconomics, 18, 23–32. doi:10.2165/00019053-200018010-00003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masia-Warner, C., Klein, R. G., Dent, H. C., Fisher, P. H., Alvir, J., Albano, A. M., et al. (2005). School-based intervention for adolescents with social anxiety disorder: results of a controlled study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 707–722. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-7649-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C., & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 568. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.568.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millsap, R. E. (2011). Statistical approaches to measurement invariance. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millsap, R. E., & Yun-Tein, J. (2004). Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 479–515. doi:10.1207/S15327906MBR3903_4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, E. P., Stewart, S. H., & Ham, L. S. (2005). The relationship between social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders: a critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 734–760. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muris, P., & Broeren, S. (2009). Twenty-five years of research on childhood anxiety disorders: publication trends between 1982 and 2006 and a selective review of the literature. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 388–395. doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9242-x.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, B., & Asparouhov, T. (2002). Latent variable analysis with categorical outcomes: Multiple-group and growth modeling in Mplus. Retrieved from http://statmodel2.com/download/webnotes/CatMGLong.pdf.

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2011). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neal, A. M., & Turner, S. M. (1991). Anxiety disorders research with African Americans: current status. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 400–410. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.109.3.400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neal, A. M., & Ward-Brown, B. J. (1994). Fears and anxiety disorders in African American children. In S. Friedman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in African Americans (pp. 65–75). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neal-Barnett, A., & Smith, J. (1997). African Americans. In S. Friedman (Ed.), Cultural issues in the treatment of Anxiety (pp. 154–174). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pina, A. A., Gonzales, N., Holly, L. E., Zerr, A., & Wynne, H. (2013). Toward evidence-based assessment of ethnic minority youth. In B. D. McLeod, A. Jensen-Doss, & T. Ollendick (Eds.), Diagnostic and behavioral assessment in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raykov, T. (2004). Behavioral scale reliability and measurement invariance evaluation using latent variable modeling. Behavior Therapy, 35, 299–331. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80041-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sass, D. A., Schmitt, T. A., & Marsh, H. W. (in press). Evaluating model fit with ordered categorical data within a measurement invariance framework: a comparison of estimators. Structural Equation Modeling.

  • Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for children. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 380–411. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., Saavedra, L. M., & Pina, A. A. (2001). Test-retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: child and parent versions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 937–944. doi:10.1097/00004583-200108000-00016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, C. C., & Last, C. G. (1993). Social and simple phobias in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 141–152. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(93)90012-A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, R. M., Himle, J., Bybee, D., Abelson, J. L., Hoffman, J., & Van Etten-Lee, M. (2009). Impact of social anxiety disorder on employment among women receiving welfare benefits. Psychiatric Services, 60, 61–66. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.60.1.61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyson, E. H., Teasley, M., & Ryan, S. (2011). Using the child behavior checklist with African American and Caucasian American adopted youth. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 19, 17–26. doi:10.1177/1063426609357760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4–69. Retrieved from http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/619672309?accountid=4485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widamen, K. F., & Reise, S. P. (1997). Exploring the measurement invariance of psychological instruments: Applications in the substance abuse domain. In K. J. Bryant (Ed.), Alcohol and substance abuse research (pp. 281–324). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Youden, W. J. (1950). Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer, 3, 32–35. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA

    Armando A. Pina & Henry Wynne

  2. Psychology Department, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78209, USA

    Michelle Little

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA

    Deborah C. Beidel

Authors
  1. Armando A. Pina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michelle Little
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Henry Wynne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Deborah C. Beidel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Armando A. Pina.

Additional information

Author Note

This study was supported in part by Award Numbers K01MH086687 and L60MD001839 from the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities. The content of this article is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies. We would like to thank Roger Millsap, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Daniel Sass, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas San Antonio and Augustine Osman, Department of Psychology, University of Texas San Antonio for their methodological consultation.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pina, A.A., Little, M., Wynne, H. et al. Assessing Social Anxiety in African American Youth using the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 42, 311–320 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9775-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9775-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation