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Solid-state synthesis of the phyllosilicate Effenbergerite (BaCuSi4O10) for electrochemical sensing of ciprofloxacin antibiotic in pharmaceutical drug formulation

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Abstract

Drug detection is crucial for monitoring the concentration of specific drugs in the human body or veterinary animals or the environment. In this study, the phyllosilicate Effenbergerite (BaCuSi4O10) was prepared by solid-state synthesis for electrochemical sensing of ciprofloxacin (CFX), one of the commonly used antibacterial drugs. Effenbergerite is naturally occurring and widely available and was used as a cost-effective material to fabricate a sensor for the rapid electrochemical detection and quantification of ciprofloxacin. The sensor was fabricated by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with the synthesized Effenbergerite to obtain BaCuSi4O10/GCE. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to characterize the Effenbergerite. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed that the optimum pH for the electrochemical detection of ciprofloxacin in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) electrolyte using the BaCuSi4O10/GCE sensor was pH 5.5. The linear range has been established to be 0.05–150 µM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was ca. 9 nM. The sensor was investigated in the presence of non-target interferents as well as in the presence of other drugs and was found to be selective toward ciprofloxacin. The pharmaceutical drug, Cifloc 500, analysis was done to establish the method’s reliability and a significantly low standard deviation of 1.74% was achieved. The results indicate that the sensor has application in detecting CFX in natural waters and wastewater effluents.

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Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge research funds provided by the University of KwaZulu Natal and for the research supported in part by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Number: 132014), and the Eskom TESP program.

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  1. School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa

    Gregarious Muungani, Vashen Moodley & Werner E. van Zyl

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  1. Gregarious Muungani
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GM: Conceptualization, methodology, experimental investigation, and writing original draft manuscript. VM: Conceptualization and draft manuscript editing. WEZ: Conceptualization, supervision, revised the manuscript, and research funding.

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Correspondence to Werner E. van Zyl.

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Muungani, G., Moodley, V. & van Zyl, W.E. Solid-state synthesis of the phyllosilicate Effenbergerite (BaCuSi4O10) for electrochemical sensing of ciprofloxacin antibiotic in pharmaceutical drug formulation. J Appl Electrochem 52, 285–297 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-021-01633-2

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