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Non-Normative Behavior and the Virtue of Rebelliousness

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Notes

  1. Terlazzo (2020, 2021).

  2. For in depth discussion of the nature of oppression and oppressive norms see especially Frye (1983), Young (1990), hooks (1984) and Manne (2017).

  3. Importantly, the boundaries between these categories may be fuzzy in certain cases. This should not be understood as a strict or rigid distinction.

  4. A prominent example is Malcolm X who changed his last name from “Little” upon joining the Nation of Islam. As Malcolm X states in his 1992 autobiography, “The Muslim’s “X” symbolized the true African family name that he never could know. For me, my “X” replaced the white slavemaster name of “Little” which some blue-eyed devil named Little had imposed upon my paternal forebears” (129-130).

  5. See, e.g., Tanis’ (2023).

  6. There may be elements of opposition in some drag artists’ performances, but their actions go beyond mere rejection of gender norms. As previously mentioned, the boundaries between counter-normative and a-normative behavior may be fuzzy in certain cases. Some non-normative actions may combine elements of both.

  7. See especially Terlazzo (2020, 2021).

  8. Thanks to an anonymous referee for this point.

  9. This argument assumes some version of internalism about reasons (as defended by Williams (1981) and Manne (2014)) as well as an “ought implies can” principle stated in terms of reasons, viz., one does not have reason to do something that they are unable to do.

  10. Although Wolf’s view is influential, it is not uncontested. For critical discussion see especially Evers & Van Smeden (2016).

  11. Among Wolf’s examples of projects are tasks associated with parenting like “coaching a school soccer team, planning a surprise party”, sewing a Halloween costume, caring for a sick child and organizing a high school band, as well as other tasks having to do with art, sport, science, or philosophy such as “reviewing an article for a journal”, being “an avid golfer”, and “the producing of a proof or a poem or a pudding” (2015, 94, 51).

  12. Johnson (2022).

  13. ibid.

  14. ibid.

  15. ibid.

  16. ibid.

  17. ibid.

  18. ibid.

  19. See Murdoch (1970) for the more general discussion of moral perception that inspired Frye (1983), Lugones (1982), and Hernandez (2021).

  20. This is famously described by José Medina in the Epistemology of Resistance (2013). See Chapter 2 section 1.2, "Lucidity and the Epistemic Virtues of the Oppressed." Thanks to an anonymous referee for this point.

  21. For in depth discussion of loving perception see Murdoch (1970), Frye (1983), Lugones (1982), and Hernandez (2021).

  22. For discussion of how moral luck may shape victims’ responses to their oppression see Card (1996) and Tessman (2005).

  23. The point that circumstances of oppression and privilege affect individuals’ vulnerability to different virtues and vices is well established in the literature. See, for instance, Medina (2013) and Tanesini (2021). Thanks to an anonymous reviewer for this point.

  24. Perhaps suggesting that rebelliousness is a burdened virtue (c.f., Tessman 2005).

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  1. University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA

    Tamara Fakhoury

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  1. Tamara Fakhoury
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Correspondence to Tamara Fakhoury.

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Fakhoury, T. Non-Normative Behavior and the Virtue of Rebelliousness. J Value Inquiry (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10790-023-09976-z

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