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Evidence for active antigen presentation by monocyte/macrophages in response to stimulation with particles: the expression of NFκB transcription factors and costimulatory molecules

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Abstract

Background

The macrophage and lymphocyte response to wear debris contributes to the failure of some joint replacements. Costimulatory molecule expression by particle-containing macrophages is an evidence for antigen presentation. The NFκB transcription factors are regulators of costimulatory molecules and are present in tissue near failed joint prostheses. The tissue localisation of NFκB and the expression of these factors and costimulatory molecules by U937 cells stimulated with nano- and microparticles are reported, together with the effects of an NFκB inhibitor (sc514).

Materials and methods

The tissue localisation of RelA, RelB, c-rel, p50, p52 and NF-IL6 was examined by immunohistochemistry in samples from 15 patients with failure of metal against polyethylene total hip replacements. The expression of these NFκB factors by U937 cells stimulated with microparticles (CoCr, diamond) and nanoparticles (diamond) was examined by quantified RT-PCR. Lipopolysaccharide provided positive controls while negative controls had no additions to culture. Inhibition of NFκB activity by sc-514 was studied. The expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR) was evaluated in parallel cell culture studies by tricolour flow cytometry.

Results and discussion

Immunohistochemistry of tissue showed the highest expression for NF-IL6 (32.56 ± 11.61 per cent), RelA (33.66 ± 9.98 per cent) and p52 (32.07 ± 12.90 per cent), then RelB (22.63 ± 7.49 per cent), c-rel (14.07 ± 6.72 per cent) and p50 (13.07 ± 5.99 per cent). NF-IL6 was localised to macrophages, RelB to RFD1+ dendritic cells. U937 cells showed an increased expression of all NFκB factors (p < 0.01) in response to CoCr and diamond microparticles. Only RelA and c-rel (p < 0.01) were increased by one diamond nanoparticle and p52 and c-rel (p < 0.01) by another nanoparticulate diamond. Inhibition by sc-514 of RelA, c-rel and p50 expression occurred with all four particles, p52 was decreased for all diamond particles (but not CoCr) and RelB was not inhibited with any of the particles. CD86 and HLA-DR expression were upregulated by microparticles (CoCr, diamond) (p ≪ 0.01) with lower levels (significant) of these molecules found with diamond nanoparticles. CD80 expression was much less than CD86 and HLA-DR. Costimulatory molecule expression in the bone-implant interface indicates antigen presentation by macrophages. Functional studies with U937 monocytes show the same molecules expressed on exposure to micro- and nanoparticles. Highest values occur with CoCr while the smallest diamond nanoparticles are the least stimulatory. NFκB expression gives an insight into the immunogenic potential of the different particles.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen presenting cell

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

C/EBP-beta:

CCAAT enhancer binding protein-beta

CD:

Cluster of differentiation (classification system for cellular surface molecules; as in CD68, CD80)

CoCr:

Cobalt chromium alloy

D1, D2, DB:

Diamond particles according to own laboratory notation

DC:

Dendritic cell

ECD:

Equivalent circle diameter

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

FITC:

Fluorescein isothiocyanate

HLA:

Human leucocyte antigen (HLA-DR is an MHC class II cell surface receptor)

IKKβ:

IκB (inhibitor of NFβ) kinase beta

IL1:

Interleukin 1

IL10:

Interleukin 10

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

M–M:

Joint replacement prosthesis in which metal articulates against metal

M–P:

Joint replacement prosthesis in which metal articulates against polyethylene

NF-IL6:

Nuclear transcription factor for interleukin 6

NFκB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, a family of protein factors that control the transcription of DNA

p value:

Probability value

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

PE:

R-Phycoerythrin

PE-cy5:

Phycoerythrin coupled with the indotricarbocyanine dye, cy5

RelA, RelB, c-rel, p50, p52:

Individual names given to NFκB proteins which are transcription factors

RHD:

Rel homology domain

rtp:

Room temperature

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SD:

Standard deviation

THR:

Total hip replacement

TiAlV:

Titanium–aluminium–vanadium alloy

TNFα:

Tumour necrosis factor alpha

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  1. Division of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK

    Huwaidha Altaf

  2. University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

    Peter A. Revell

  3. 7 Exmouth Road, Budleigh Salterton, Devon, EX9 6AF, UK

    Peter A. Revell

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Altaf, H., Revell, P.A. Evidence for active antigen presentation by monocyte/macrophages in response to stimulation with particles: the expression of NFκB transcription factors and costimulatory molecules. Inflammopharmacol 21, 279–290 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-013-0170-z

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