Abstract
In his Pramāṇaviniścaya 3, Dharmakīrti criticizes the view of the Sāṅkhyas that the word anityatva (“impermanence”) means a process of transformation (pariṇāma) of primordial matter (pradhāna). In this connection, he deals with the following two explanations of transformation: (1) the disappearance (tirodhāna) of the previous dharma of an entity (dharmin/dravya) and (2) the cessation (nivṛtti) of the previous state (avasthā) of an entity (avasthātṛ). In response to these explanations, he proves that whenever a transformation takes place, the previous entity is destroyed, and therefore, impermanence does not mean transformation, but only destruction (vināśa). His criticism is basically along the same lines as Vasubandhu’s arguments found in the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya. However, because of developments in the theory of transformation, Vasubandhu’s criticism allows room for a retort from the Sāṅkhya. For this reason, Dharmakīrti augments Vasubandhu’s theory in order to make it sustainable against the more developed Sāṅkhya theory.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AD: P. S. Jaini (Ed.). (1959). Abhidharmadīpa with Vibhāshāprabhāvṛtti. Tibetan Sanskrit Works Series 4. Patna: K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute.
AKBh: P. Pradhan (Ed.). (1967). Abhidharmakośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu. Tibetan Sanskrit Works Series 8. Patna: K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute.
Bronkhorst J. (1997) Sāṃkhya in the Abhidharmakośa Bhāṣya. Journal of Indian Philosophy 25: 303–400
Bronkhorst J. (2003) Review of Yuktidīpikā. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 153(1): 242–247
Chakravarti P. (1951) Origin and development of the Sāṃkhya system of thought. Metropolitan Printing and Publishing House, Calcutta
D: Derge edition of Tibetan tripitaka.
Deleanu, F. (2006). The Chapter on the Mundane Path (Laukikamārga) in the Śrāvakabhūmi. A trilingual edition (Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese), annotated translation, and introductory study (2 Vols.). Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies.
Frauwallner E. (1953) Geschichte der indischen Philosophie. I. Band: Die Philosophie des Veda und des Epos der Buddha und der Jina das Samkhya und das klassische Yoga-System. Otto Müller Verlag, Salzburg
Frauwallner E. (1958) Die Erkenntnislehre des klassischen Sāṃkhya-Systems. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens 2: 84–139
GBh: H. D. Sharma (Ed.). (1933). The Sāṃkhya-Kārikā: Īśvara Kṛṣṇa’s Memorable Verses on Sāṃkhya philosophy, with the commentary of Gauḍapādācārya. Poona: The Oriental Book Agency.
Gillon B., Hayes R. (2008) Dharmakīrti on the role of causation in inference as presented in Pramāṇavārttika Svopajñavṛtti 11–38. Journal of Indian Philosophy 36: 335–404
Halbfass W. (1992) On being and what there is: Classical Vaiśeṣika and the history of Indian Ontology. SUNY Press, Albany
Imanishi, J. (1968). On pariṇāma. Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 16-2, 641–649 (in Japanese).
Inami M. (1995) A study of the Pramāṇasiddhi chapter of Pramāṇavārttika (4). Bulletin of Shimane International College 2: 43–67 (in Japanese)
Iwata T. (1995) Pramāṇaviniścaya III (1) (Die Definition des parārthānumāna). Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens 39: 151–179
*Mahāvibhāṣā (阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論): Translated by Hsüan-tang. Taisho 25 (1545).
Malinar A. (1999) Prakṛti as sāmānya. Asiatische Studien Études Asiatiques, 53(1): 619–643
Motegi S. (1994) Some Vaiśeṣika thoughts referred to in the Yuktidīpikā. Asiatische Studien Études Asiatiques 48(2): 807–817
Ms-B: S. Watanabe (Ed.). (1998). Sanskrit manuscripts of Prajñākaragupta’s Pramāṇavārttikabhāṣyam. Patna-Narita: Bihar Research Society and Naritasan Institute for Buddhist Studies.
Muroya Y. (1996) Pariṇāma and Abhivyakti in the Sāṃkhya argument for Satkāryavāda. Studies in the History of Indian Thought 8: 42–63 (in Japanese)
NĀA: Muni Jambuvijayaji (Ed.). (1966). Dvādaśāraṃ Nayacakram of Ācārya Śrī Mallavādi Kṣamāśramaṇa with the commentary Nyāyāgamānusāriṇī of Śrī Siṃhasūri Gaṇi Vādi Kṣamāśramaṇa, Part I (1–4 Aras). Bhavnagaṛ Sri Jain Atmanand Sabha, 1966.
NB: D. Malvania (Ed.). (1971). Paṇḍita Durveka Miśra’s Dharmottarapradīpa [Being a sub-commentary on Dharmottara’s Nyāyabinduṭīkā, a commentary on Dharmakīrti’s Nyāyabindu]. TSWS 2 (2nd ed.). Patna: Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute.
NBh: A. Thakur (Ed.). (1997a). Gautamīyanyāyadarśana with Bhāṣya of Vātsyāyana. New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research.
NC: See NĀA.
NV: A. Thakur (Ed.). (1997b). Nyāyabhāṣyavārttika of Bhāradvāja Uddyotakara. New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research.
P: Peking edition of Tibetan tripitaka.
PSṬ: D4268, P5766.
PV 2: See Inami (1995).
PVA: R. Sāṅkṛtyāyana (Ed.). (1953). Pramāṇavārtikabhāṣyam or Vārtikāla ṅkāraḥ of Prajñākaragupta. Patna: Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute.
PVin 2: E. Steinkellner (Ed.). (2007). Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇaviniścaya: Chapters 1 and 2. Beijing-Vienna: China Tibetology Publishing House/Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
PVin 3: D4211, P5710.
PVinṬ: D4228, P5727.
PVSV: R. Gnoli (Ed.). (1960). The Pramāṇavārttikam of Dharmakīrti: The first chapter with the autocommentary. Serie Orientale Roma XXIII. Roma.
SK: See GBh.
Solomon Y. (1974) The Commentaries of the Sāṃkhya Kārikā—A Study. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad
ṢT: See Frauwallner (1958).
STK: R. Chandra (Ed.). (1935). Vācaspati Miśra’s Sāṃkhyatattvakaumudī with Sāṃkhyakārikā of Īśvarakṛṣṇa and the Indroduction to the Sāṃkhyatattvavilāsa of Raghunātha, etc. etc. Calcutta Sanskrit Series 15. Calcutta: Metropolitan Printing and Publishing House.
ŚV: See Uno (1996, 1999).
Tillemans, T. (2000). Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttika: An annotated translation of the fourth chapter (parārthānumāna) (Vol. 1, k. 1–148). Wien: Verlag der Österreichschen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
TSP: S. D. Shastri (Ed.). (1968). Tattvasaṅgraha of Ācārya Shāntarakṣita with the commentary Pañjikā of Shri Kamalshīla. Bauddha Bharati Series 1. Varanasi: Bauddha Bharati.
Uno T. (1996) The Eternity of the Soul (ātman) in Kumārila Bhaṭṭa. Tetsugaku 48: 96–110 (in Japanese)
Uno, T. (1999). Ontological Affinity between the Jainas and the Mīmāṃsakas Viewed by Buddhist Logicians. In S. Katsura (Ed.), Dharmakīrti’s Thought and Its Impact on Indian and Tibetan Philosophy (pp. 419–431). Wien: Verlag der österreichschen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
VN: M. T. Much (Ed.). (1991). Dharmakīrtis Vādanyāyaḥ, Teil I Sanskrit-Text. Wien: Verlag der Österreichschen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
VNT: R. Sāṅkṛtyāyana (Ed.). (1935–1936). Dharmakīrti’s VĀDANYĀYA: With the commentary of Śāntarakṣita. Appendix to J.B.O.R.S, Vols. 21 & 22. Patna.
Wezler A. (1985) A note on Vārṣagaṇya and the Yogācārabhūmi. Journal of the Asiatic Society 27(2): 1–17
Wezler, A. (1985b). A note on Mahābhāṣya II 366.26: Guṇasaṃdrāvo dravyam. In Buddhism and its relation to other religions: Essays in honour of Dr. Shozen Kumoi on his seventieth birthday (pp. 1–33). Kyoto: Heirakuji Shoten.
Wezler, A. (1992). Paralipomena zum Sarvasarvātmakatvavāda II: On the Sarvasarvātmakatvavāda and its relation to the Vṛkṣāyurveda. Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, 16/17, 287–315.
Yamashita K. (1994) Pātañjala Yoga philosophy with reference to Buddhism. Firma KLM Private Limited, Calcutta
YD: A. Wezler, & S. Motegi (Eds.). (1998). Yuktidīpikā: The Most Significant Commentary on the Sāṃkhyakārikā (Vol. I). Alt- und Neu-Indische Studien 44. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
YSBh: K. Ś. Āgaśe (Ed.). (1904). Vācaspatimiśraviracitaṭīkāsaṃvalitavyāsabhāṣ yasametāni Pātañjalayogasūtrāṇi. Ānandāśrama Sanskrit Series 47. ānandāśrama
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Watanabe, T. Dharmakīrti’s Criticism of Anityatva in the Sāṅkhya Theory. J Indian Philos 39, 553–569 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-011-9135-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-011-9135-y