Abstract
In this paper, we consider the frameworks for quantum-classical and classical-quantum cryptographic translation by (Nimbe et al. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 60, 793–818 2021). The high or low level framework for quantum-classical cryptographic translation has three major phases with the framework for quantum-classical conversion being the intermediary phase. The high or low level framework for classical-quantum cryptographic translation also has three major phases with the framework for classical-quantum conversion being the intermediary phase. Mathematical steps are presented for these conversion frameworks and are shown to be implementable. Implementations of these intermediary phases are presented using c++ programming language.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Xue, C., Chen, Z.-Y., Wu, Y.-C., Guo, G.-P.: Effects of Quantum Noise on Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm. arXiv:1909.02196 [quant-ph] (2019)
Rubin, N.C., Babbush, R., McClean, J.: Application of fermionic marginal constraints to hybrid quantum algorithms. New J. Phys. 20, 053020 (2018)
Endo, S., Cai, Z., Benjamin, S.C., Yuan, X.: Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms and quantum error mitigation. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 90, 032001 (2021)
Hempel, C., Maier, C., Romero, J., McClean, J., Monz, T., Shen, H., Jurcevic, P., Lanyon, B.P., Love, P., Babbush, R., Aspuru-Guzik, A., Blatt, R., Roos, C.F.: Quantum chemistry calculations on a trapped-ion quantum simulator. Phys. Rev. X. 8, 031022 (2018)
Guerreschi, G.G., Smelyanskiy, M.: Practical optimization for hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. arXiv:1701.01450 [quant-ph] (2020)
Yuan, Z.H., Yin, T., Zhang, D.B.: Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms for solving quantum chemistry in Hamiltonian-wavefunction space. Phys. Rev. A. 103, 012413 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.103.012413
McClean, J.R., Romero, J., Babbush, R., Aspuru-Guzik, A.: The theory of variational hybrid quantum-classical algorithms new. J. Phys. 18, 023023 (2016)
Xu, H., Sun, K., Koenig, S., Hen, I., Satish Kumar T.K.: Hybrid Quantum-Classical Algorithms for Solving the Weighted CSP. ISAIM 2020: 16th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA, January 6–8 (2020)
Tran, T.T., Do, M., Rieffel, E.G., Frank, J., Wang, Z., O’Gorman, B., Venturelli, D., Beck, J.C.: A Hybrid Quantum-Classical Approach to Solving Scheduling Problems, Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Combinatorial Search (SoCS 2016), Tarrytown, NY, USA, July 6–8 (2016)
Fuji, K.: Quantum-classical hybrid algorithm: its advantage and methods for variational optimization, 3rd week of quantum information and string theory 2019. Available: https://www2.yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~qist2019/slides/3rd/Fujii.pdf (2019). Accessed 10/02/2021
Wu, B., Ray, M., Zhao, L., Sun, X., Rebentrost, P.: Quantum-classical algorithms for skewed linear systems with optimized Hadamard test. arXiv:2009.13288v1 [quant-ph] (2020)
Sim, S., Johnson, P.D., Aspuru-Guzik, A.: Expressibility and Entangling Capability of Parameterized Quantum Circuits for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Algorithms. Adv. Quantum Technol. 2, 1900070 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.201900070
Harrow, A., Napp, J.: Low-depth gradient measurements can improve convergence in variational hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. arXiv:1901.05374 (2019)
Klco, N., Dumitrescu, E.F., McCaskey, A.J., Morris, T.D., Pooser, R.C., Sanz, M., Solano, E., Lougovski, P., Savage, M.J.: Quantum-classical computation of Schwinger model dynamics using quantum computers. Phys. Rev. A. 98, 032331 (2018)
Smart, S.E., Mazziotti, D.A.: Quantum-classical hybrid algorithm using an error-mitigating N-representability condition to compute the Mott metal-insulator transition. Phys. Rev. A. 100, 022517 (2019)
Yalouz, S., Senjean, B., Günther, J., Buda, F., O'Brien, T.E., Visscher, L.: A state-averaged orbital-optimized hybrid quantum–classical algorithm for a democratic description of ground and excited states. Quantum Sci. Technol. 6, 024004 (2021)
Nimbe, P., Weyori, B.A., Yeng, P.K.: A framework for quantum-classical cryptographic translation. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 60, 793–818 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-020-04698-5
Fu, X.: Institute of Computing Technology. Quantum Control Architecture -- Bridging the Gap between Quantum Software and Hardware. Available: http://www.ict.ac.cn/xwgg/xshd/201911/t20191121_5440133.html (2019). Accessed 24/02/2021
Zagoskin, A.: The grand challenge of quantum computing: bridging the capacity gap. Frontiers in ICT. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273515379_The_Grand_Challenge_of_Quantum_Computing_Bridging_the_Capacity_Gap (2014). Accessed 24/02/2021
Nield, D.: This new Chip could bridge the gap between classical and quantum computing. Available: https://www.sciencealert.com/new-chip-promises-to-bridge-the-gap-between-classical-and-quantum-computing (2019). Accessed 24/02/2021
Wetterich, C.: Quantum computing with classical bits. Nuclear Physics B. 948, 114776 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2019.114776
Mathur, N.: Researchers develop a new Chip that could bridge the gap between classical and quantum computing. Available: https://in.mashable.com/tech/7230/researchers-develop-a-new-chip-that-could-bridge-the-gap-between-classical-and-quantum-computing (2019). Accessed 24/02/2021
Acknowledgements
First and foremost, we would like to thank our Father for the inspiration to write this manuscript. This manuscript or article would never have been possible without the support and guidance of various people at the University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewer(s) for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper.
Availability of Data and Material
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed equally to this research or paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
We the authors complied or adhered strictly to the code of ethics for writing manuscripts by ensuring that no plagiarism was made and that the literature was referenced appropriately to their respective authors. This work poses no ethical issues or challenges and is rightfully in line with the format for writing manuscripts or articles. This work follows high compliance to ethical standards.
Consent to Participate
All authors consent to participating in this research or paper.
Consent for Publishing
All authors consent to publishing this research or paper.
Competing Interests
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nimbe, P., Weyori, B.A., Adekoya, A.F. et al. Implementation of Framework for Quantum-Classical and Classical-Quantum Conversion. Int J Theor Phys 61, 37 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-022-04975-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-022-04975-5