Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of adding nanoparticles on the birefringence of nanoparticle-doped liquid crystals. The approach of this study is based on an analysis of liquid crystals doped with two different types of nanoparticles, viz Fe2O3 and ZnO. The wavelength and temperature-dependent behaviour of the nanoparticle-doped liquid crystal solution were investigated to obtain ordinary, extraordinary and average refractive indices. The paper also presents a comparative study of the indices of refraction, birefringence, order parameter and molecular polarizabilities of the samples obtained experimentally and using the theoretical model. The results indicate that the properties of the sample doped with nanoparticles show an improvement in the birefringence and polarizability ratio value with varying temperatures. The values of Cauchy’s constants, material constant, thermal variation of birefringence, order parameter and constants involved in the thermal variation of average refractive index are computed for later application and use. Samples of liquid crystals doped with Fe2O3 nanoparticles showed a higher increase in birefringence than samples doped with ZnO at all temperatures, suggesting strong molecular interactions and greater applicability. The observed result may be attributed to the stabilization of liquid crystal matrix due to the presence of nanoparticles in the molecules.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The supporting data and material are available with the authors and can be shared on request.
References
P.J. Collings, J.S. Patel, Handbook of Liquid Crystal Research (Oxford University Press, New York, 1997)
P.P. Crooker, Blue phases, in Chirality in Liquid Crystals. ed. by H.S. Kitzerow, C. Bahr (Springer, New York, 2021), pp.186–222
A.Y.-G. Fu, J.-H. Li, K.-T. Cheng, Appl. Phys. B (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-010-4052-4
X. Li et al., Opt. Commun. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2012.09.001
J. Sivasria et al., Liq. Cryst. 47, 330 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2019.1647571
F.P. Pandey et al., Liq. Cryst. 47, 1025 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2019.1701111
P.K. Tripathi et al., Opt. Mater. 135, 113298 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.113298
C. Tschiersle, Chem. Soc. Rev. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1039/B615517K
J.P.F. Lagerwall, G. Scalia, Curr. Appl. Phys. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2012.03.019
E. Solati, D. Dorranian, Appl. Phys. B (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-016-6346-7
P.K. Tripathi et al., J. Mol. Struct. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.10.052
N. Pushpavathi, K.L. Sandhya, R. Pratibha, Liq. Cryst. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2018.1517421
B.K. Pandey et al., Appl. Surf. Sci. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.11.009
W. Zhang et al., Liq. Cryst. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2017.1411538
O. Aksimentyeva et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 589, 83 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2013.872354
P. Jayaprada et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2019.1670942
D. Węgłowska, RSC Adv. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA15291G
S.T. Wu, Phys. Rev. A (1986). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.33.1270
G. Yadav et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2019.1629147
J. Li, S.-T. Wu, J. Appl. Phys. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1738526
K. Thingujam et al., Acta Phys. Polonica Ser. A (2012). https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.122.754
M.S. Zakerhamidi et al., J. Mol. Liq. (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2010.08.015
W. Kuczyński et al., J. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 381, 1–19 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1080/713738745
I. Teucher, K. Ko, M.M. Labes, J. Chem. Phys. 56, 3308 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1677695
A. Kanwar, J. Opt. 42, 311 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-013-0141-1
V. Hecke et al., J. Chem. Educ. (2005). https://doi.org/10.1021/ed082p1349
M. Fröbel, F. Fries et al., Sci. Rep. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27976-z
M. Pande et al., Liq. Cryst. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2015.1061143
B. Kumar et al., Nanomaterials 10, 842 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10050842
A. Nesrullajev, J. Mol. Liq. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112770
G. Pathak et al., J. Theor. Appl. Phys. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40094-020-00402-4
G. Pathak et al., J. Lumin. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2017.06.021
M. Munavar Hussain et al., Nanosyst. Phys. Chem. Math. 10(3), 243–254 (2019). https://doi.org/10.17586/2220-8054-2019-10-3-243-254
S. Kobayashi et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 594(1), 21–30 (2014)
Khushboo et al., J. Mol. Liq. 214, 145–148 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.11.025
N.H. Ayachit, S.T. Vasan, F.M. Sannaningannavar, D.K. Deshpande, J. Mol. Liq. 133, 134–138 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2006.08.057
Y. Reznikov, O. Buchnev, O. Tereshchenko, V. Reshetnyak, A. Glushchenko, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1917–1919 (2003)
Z. Wang et al., Appl. Phys. B (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-013-5628-6
T.S. Lin, C.P. Pang, J.T. Lue, Appl. Phys. B (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s003400200824
N. Tomašovičová, M. Timko, V. Závišová et al., Int. J. Thermophys. 35, 2044–2053 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-014-1622-4
P. Kopčanský, N. Tomašovičová, M. Koneracká et al., Int. J. Thermophys. 32, 807–817 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-010-0781-1
M. Kaczmarek, O. Buchnev, I. Nandhakumar, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 103307 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2884186
P. Zainith, N.K. Mishra, Int. J. Thermophys. 42, 137 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-021-02890-1
A. Gudimalla, M. Lavrič, M. Trček et al., Int. J. Thermophys. 41, 51 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-020-02631-w
Funding
The authors did not receive any financial support from any organization for the submitted work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors have contributed equally.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Ethical Approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kanwar, A., Ghodke, S. & Gajghate, V. Determination of Refractive Index and Birefringence of Nanoparticle-Doped Liquid Crystals. Int J Thermophys 44, 35 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-022-03145-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-022-03145-3