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Emission of Gas and \(\hbox {Al}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}\) Smoke in Gas–Al Particle Deflagration: Experiments and Emission Modeling for Explosive Fireballs

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Abstract

Emission of gas and \(\hbox {Al}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}\) smoke within the deflagration of \(\hbox {H}_{2}{-}\hbox {O}_{2}\)–{\(\hbox {N}_{2}{-}\hbox {CO}_{2}\)}–Al particles has been studied in a closed combustion chamber at pressures of up to 18 bar and at gas temperatures of up to 3700 K. Measurements of radiance intensity were taken using a five wavelength pyrometer (0.660 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\), 0.850 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\), 1.083 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\), 1.260 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\), 1.481 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\)) and a grating spectrometer in the range (4.10 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\) to 4.30 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\)). In order to characterize the aluminum oxide smoke size and temperature, an inversion method has been developed based on the radiation transfer equation and using pyrometer measurements and thermochemical calculations of \(\hbox {Al}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}\) smoke volume fractions. Temperatures in combustion gas have been determined using a method based on the assumed blackbody head of the 4.26 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\) \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) emission line and on its spectral shift with pressure and temperature. For validation purpose, this method has been applied to measurements obtained when calibrated alumina particles are injected in a combustion chamber prior to gaseous deflagrations. This mathematical inversion method was developed to investigate explosive fireballs.

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Abbreviations

\(d_\mathrm{P} \) :

Particle diameter (\(\upmu \hbox {m}\))

\(f_\mathrm{v} \) :

Volume fraction

\(K_\lambda \) :

Spectral absorption coefficient (\(\hbox {m}^{-1}\))

k :

Absorptive part of the complex refractive index

\(L_\lambda \) :

Spectral radiance (\(\hbox {W} \cdot \hbox {m}^{-2}\cdot \hbox {sr}^{-1} \cdot \upmu \hbox {m}^{-1})\)

\(L_\lambda ^0 \) :

Spectral blackbody radiance

m :

Complex refractive index

n :

Refractive part of the complex refractive index

P :

Pressure (bar)

T :

Temperature (K)

x :

Molar fraction or abscissa

\(\varepsilon _\lambda \) :

Emissivity

\(\beta _\lambda \) :

Extinction coefficient

\(\sigma _\lambda \) :

Scattering coefficient or standard deviation

\(\lambda \) :

Wavelength (\(\upmu \hbox {m}\))

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Acknowledgements

Support of this work from the French Ministry of Defense, DGA, is gratefully acknowledged. The authors are grateful to Vladimir M. Belski from the Russian Federal Nuclear Center-VNIIEF, Institute of Physics of Explosion, Sarov, Nizhni, Novgorod, Russia, for their help to characterize the \(-\,200\) mesh Aldrich aluminum powder. They are also grateful to the anonymous referees and to the English advisors for their valuable help in improving the quality of the manuscript.

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Author notes

  1. David Ramel

    Present address: FEMTO-ST, Université de Belfort – Montbéliard, 2 Avenue Jean Moulin, 90000, Belfort, France

  2. Pierre Vasseur

    Present address: EDF-France, 10/12 rue James Watt, 93285, Saint-Denis Cedex, France

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Energétique Mécanique Electromagnétisme, UPL, Univ Paris Nanterre, 50 rue de Sèvres, 92410, Ville d’Avray, France

    Isabelle Ranc-Darbord, David Ramel, Pierre Vasseur & Vincent Pina

  2. CEA, DAM, GRAMAT, 46500, Gramat, France

    Gérard Baudin, Marc Genetier & Julien Legrand

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  1. Isabelle Ranc-Darbord
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  2. Gérard Baudin
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Correspondence to Isabelle Ranc-Darbord.

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Ranc-Darbord, I., Baudin, G., Genetier, M. et al. Emission of Gas and \(\hbox {Al}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}\) Smoke in Gas–Al Particle Deflagration: Experiments and Emission Modeling for Explosive Fireballs. Int J Thermophys 39, 36 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-018-2360-9

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