Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, electrical conductivity (σ), and 7Li NMR spectroscopy characterization of n-C m H(2m + 1)COOM solids (M = Li, Na, K; m = 13, 15, 17, 19, 21) and mixed crystals n-C21H43COOLi x K(1 − x) (0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.75) was performed as a function of temperature. DSC thermograms of n-C m H(2m + 1)COOM revealed several solid-solid phase transitions with large entropy changes. Electrical conductivity studies established that n-C m H(2m + 1)COOLi crystals are poor electrical conductors. In contrast, n-C m H(2m + 1)COOK salts were found to have σ values of 10 − 7–10 − 8 S·cm − 1. Since the crystal structures and phase-transition temperatures of both n-C m H(2m + 1)COOLi and n-C m H(2m + 1)COOK crystals were similar, they were able to form mixed crystals with the structure n-C x H(2m + 1)COOLi x K(1 − x). DSC thermograms of the mixed crystals showed a small entropy change at the melting point (ΔS mp < 13 J K − 1 mol − 1), in addition, large ΔS values at the solid-solid phase transition temperature. The σ values obtained for mixed crystals were roughly one order of magnitude greater than those determined for n-C21H43COOK crystals. 7Li NMR spectra of the mixed crystals recorded at various temperatures suggested that the self-diffusion of Li + ions was excited in the highest-temperature solid phase. Based on these results, we have classified these mixed crystals as rotator crystals.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
MacFarlane, D.R., Huang, J., Forsyth, M.: Lithium-doped plastic crystal electrolytes exhibiting fast ion conduction for secondary batteries. Nature 402, 792–794 (1999)
Timmermans, J.: Plastic crystals: a historical review. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 18, 1–8 (1961)
Moriya, K., Matsuo, T., Suga, H.: Thermodynamic properties of alkali and thallium nitrites: the ionic plastically crystalline state. Thermochim. Acta 132, 133–140 (1988)
Moriya, K., Matsuo, T., Suga, H.: Calorimetric and dielectric studies of phase transitions in rubidium nitrite. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 61, 1911–1916 (1988)
Moriya, K., Matsuo, T., Suga, H.: Phase transition and freezing of disordered ionic orientation in CsNO2 crystal. Chem. Phys. Lett. 82, 581–585 (1981)
Moriya, K., Matsuo, T., Suga, H., Seki, S.: Calorimetric and dielectric studies of phase transition in TLNO2 crystal. Chem. Lett. 1977, 1427–1430 (1977)
Moriya, K., Matsuo, T., Suga, H.: Phase transition and freezing of ionic disorder in CsNO2 and TINO2 crystals. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 44, 1103–1119 (1983)
Furukawa, Y., Kiriyama, H.: Magnetic relaxation of thallium nuclei and ionic motion in solid thallium(1) nitrite. Chem. Phys. Lett. 93, 617–620 (1982)
Furukawa, Y., Nagase, H., Ikeda, R., Nakamura, D.: Cationic self-diffusion in ionic plastic phases of thallium nitrite and nitrate and in thallium thiocyanate. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 64, 3105–3108 (1991)
Kenmotsu, M., Honda, H., Ohki, H., et al.: Ionic dynamics in plastic crystal KNO2 studied by 39K and 15N NMR. Z. Naturforsch. 49a, 247–252 (1994)
Honda, H., Kenmotsu, M., Ohki, H., et al.: Dynamics of nitrite ions in ionic plastic crystal RbNO2 studied by nitrogen and rubidium NMR. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 99, 1009–1014 (1995)
Honda, H., Ishimaru, S., Onoda-Yamamuro, N., Ikeda, R.: Dynamics of nitrite ions in ionic plastic crystal TlNO2 studied by 15N and 205Tl NMR. Z. Naturforsch. 50a, 871–875 (1995)
Honda, H., Kenmotsu, M., Onoda-Yamamuro, N., et al.: 15N and 133Cs NMR studies on ionic dynamics in plastic crystal CsNO2. Z. Naturforsch. 51a, 761–768 (1996)
Honda, H., Onoda-Yamamuro, N., Ishimaru, S., Ikeda, R., Yamamuro, S., Matsuo, T.: Dielectric study on ionic orientational disorder in the low temperature phases of ionic plastic crystal KNO2. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 102, 148–151 (1998)
Onoda-Yamamuro, N., Honda, H., Ikeda, R., Yamamuro, O., Matsuo, T., Oikawa, K., Izumi, F.: Neutron powder diffraction study of the low-temperature phases of KNO2. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 10, 3341–3351 (1998)
Honda, H.: Ionic dynamics in new ionic plastic crystal NH4NO2. Z. Naturforsch. 62a, 633–638 (2007)
Honda, H., Ishimaru, S., Ikeda, R.: Ionic dynamics in LiNO2 studied by 7Li and 15N solid NMR. Z. Naturforsch. 54a, 519–523 (1999)
Sakiyama, M., Kimoto, A., Seki, S.: Heat capacities and volume thermal expansion of NaNO2 crystal. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 20, 2180–2184 (1965)
Weiss, A.: Z. Naturforsch. 15a, 536 (1960)
Takagi, Y., Gesi, K.: Electrical properties of NaNO2 single crystal in the vicinity of the ferroelectric curie temperature. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 22, 979–986 (1967)
Hatta, I.: Experimental study on dielectric relaxation in NaNO2. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 24, 1043–1053 (1968)
Yamada, Y., Fujii, Y., Hatta, I.: Dielectric relaxation mechanism in NaNO2. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 24, 1053–1058 (1968)
Ikeda, R., Mikami, M., Nakamura, D., Kubo, M.: Nuclear quadrupole resonance of nitrogen in sodium nitrite. J. Magn. Reson. 1, 211–220 (1969)
Yagi, T., Tatsuzaki, I., Todo, I.: Nuclear magnetic resonance study on 23Na in sodium nitrite in the vicinity of the phase transition temperatures. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 28, 321–326 (1970)
Wyckoff, R.W.G.: Crystal Structures, chapter 14A, vol. 5, 2nd edn. Wiley Interscience, New York (1966)
Hendricks, S.B.: Z. Krist. 68, 189 (1928)
Busico, V., Cernicchiaro, P., Corradinl, P., Vacatello, M.: Polymorphism in anhydrous amphiphilic systems. Long-chain primary n-alkylammonium chlorides. J. Phys. Chem. 87, 1631–1635 (1983)
Seliger, J., Zagar, V., Blinc, R., Arend, H., Chapuis, G.: 14N and 35Cl double resonance study of the phase transition in the intercalated bilayer compound C10H21NH3Cl. J. Chem. Phys. 78, 2661–2664 (1983)
Fukada, S., Yamamoto, H., Ikeda, R., Nakamura, D.: Hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance, differential thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and electrical conductivity studies on the motion of cations, including self-diffusion in crystals of propylammonium chloride and bromide as well as their n-deuterated analogues. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1(83), 3207–3222 (1987)
Seliger, J., Zagar, V., Blinc, R., Kind, R., Arend, H., Chapuis, G., Schenk, K.J., Milia, F.: 14N and 35Cl nuclear quadrupole double resonance study of the phase transitions in n-decylammoniumchloride and n-hexylammoniumchloride. Z. Phys. B 69, 379–384 (1987)
Seliger, J., Zagar, V., Blinc, R., Kind, R., Arend, H., Milia, F.: 14N and 35Cl nuclear quadrupole double resonance study of the structural phase transitions in N-octylammoniumchloride. Z. Phys. B 67, 363–368 (1987)
Iwai, S., Ikeda, R., Nakamura, D.: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and electrical conductivity studies on the phase transitions of pentylammonium chloride and the cationic self-diffusion in its rotator phase. Can. J. Chem. 66, 1961–1969 (1988)
Hattori, M., Fukada, S., Nakamura, D., Ikeda, R.: Studies of the anisotropic self-diffusion and reorientation of butylammonium cations in the rotator phase of butylammonium chloride using 1H magnetic resonance, electrical conductivity and thermal measurements. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86, 3777–3783 (1990)
Iwai, S., Hattori, M., Nakamura, D., Ikeda, R.: Ionic dynamics in the rotator phase of n-alkylammonium chlorides (C6–C10), studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, electrical conductivity and thermal measurements. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 89, 827–831 (1993)
Reynhardt, E.C., Wozniak-Braszak, A.: Polymorphism and molecular motions in n-nonylammonium chloride. Chem. Phys. Lett. 215, 493–498 (1993)
Hattori, M., Onoda, Y., Erata, T., Smith, M.E., Hattori, M., Ohki, H., Ikeda, R.: Ionic motion and disordered structure in the rotor phase of butylammonium chloride studied by temperature dependences of 35Cl and 2H NMR. Z. Naturforsch. 49a, 291–296 (1994)
Tanaka, S., Onoda-Yamamuro, N., Ishimaru, S., Ikeda, R.: Rotator Phase in dodecylammonium chloride studied by 1H and 2H solid NMR and thermal measurements. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 70, 2981–2986 (1997)
Shimizu, T., Tanaka, S., Onoda-Yamamuro, N., Ishimaru, S., Ikeda, R.: New rotator phase revealed in di-n-alkylammonium bromides studied by solid-state NMR, powder XRD, electrical conductivity and thermal measurements. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 93, 321–326 (1997)
Fojud, Z., Boeffel, C., Szczesniak, E., Jurga, S.: 2H and 13C CPMAS NMR study of chain dynamics in n-dodecylammonium chloride. J. Mol. Struct. 555, 107–117 (2000)
Yamakawa, H., Matsukawa, S., Kurosu, H., Kuroki, S., Ando, I.: Diffusional behavior of n alkanes in the rotator phase as studied by pulse field-gradient spin-echo 1H NMR method. J. Chem. Phys. 111, 7710–7715 (1999)
Terreros, A., Galera-Gomez, P.A., Lopez-Cabarcos, E.: DSC and X-ray diffraction study of polymorphism in n-alkylammonium chlorides. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 61, 341–350 (2000)
Ikeda, R.: Dynamic behavior of molecular ions in new mesophases between solid and liquid. Recent Res. Dev. Chem. Phys. 5, 257–301 (2004)
White, N.A.S., Ellis, H.A.: Room temperature structures and odd–even behaviour of a homologous series of anhydrous lithium n-alkanoates. J. Mol. Struct. 888, 386–390 (2008)
White, N.A.S., Ellis, H.A.: Thermal behavior of even chain length lithium n-alkanoates. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 501, 28–42 (2009)
White, N.A.S., Ellis, H.A., Nelson, P.N., Maragh, P.T.: Thermal and odd–even behaviour in a homologous series of lithium n-alkanoates. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 43, 584–590 (2011)
Broadhurst, M.G.: J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. A Phys. Chem. 66A, 241 (1962)
Pink, D.A.: The even–odd effect in liquid crystals. A simple model. J. Chem. Phys. 63, 2533–2539 (1975)
Honda, H.: Even–odd effect of 35Cl quadrupole coupling constants in solid n-alkylammonium chlorides (C5–C10). Z. Naturforsch. 58a, 623–630 (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hayasaki, T., Honda, H. & Hirakawa, S. Electrical conductivity, DSC, XRD, and 7Li NMR studies of rotator crystals n-C21H43COOLi x K(1 − x) (0.33 ≤ x ≤ 0.50), n-C m H(2m + 1)COOLi, and n-C m H(2m + 1)COOK (m = 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21). Hyperfine Interact 222, 27–42 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-012-0670-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-012-0670-z