Abstract
In this study, we have shown that nutrient input in aquatic ecosystems has different impacts on the various facets of phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity. We designed an experiment with eleven levels of nutrient addition replicated four times. Alpha, beta, and gamma taxonomic and functional diversity indices were calculated based on organisms’ occurrences and abundances in each microcosm, among microcosms of the same treatment and for the set microcosms of a same treatment. There was an increase in species richness and a decrease in equitability along the gradient for both groups. Taxonomic beta diversity based on occurrences was positively related to nutrient gradient, but a hump-shaped relationship between nutrient enrichment and beta diversity was observed when abundance data were considered, showing greater variation in species composition at intermediate levels of nutrient. Alpha functional richness increased for both groups, whereas alpha and gamma RaoQ, and gamma functional divergence decreased, indicating that nutrient enrichment promotes functional trait richness, but also the dominance of species. At small spatial scale and at a short period of time, we showed that taxonomic and functional diversities respond in similar ways to nutrient enrichment. We conclude that nutrient input may modify community composition and affect ecological processes overtime.
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Data availability
The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.
Code availability
Statistic R codes for this study are available on request to the corresponding authors.
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Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the ‘Núcleo de Pesquisa em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura’ (Nupelia) from ‘Universidade Estadual de Maringá’ (UEM) and its research team for the collaboration and support in the experiment execution. We thank CNPq for constant financial support to the research projects of A. A. Padial (Process Numbers: 307984/2015-0; 402828/2016-0; 301867/2018-6), for J. D. Dias postdoctoral degree’s scholarship and for J. Dittrich master degree’s scholarship.
Funding
This study was supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq).
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JD, JDD and AAP formulated the idea, conceived and designed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. ACMdP provided editorial advice and analyzed phytoplankton functional diversity data.
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The study was designed by a Masters’ student—JD—to test how facets of plankton biodiversity respond to nutrient enrichment, a major cause of the worldwide eutrophication concern of aquatic systems.
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Dittrich, J., Dias, J.D., de Paula, A.C.M. et al. Experimental nutrient enrichment increases plankton taxonomic and functional richness and promotes species dominance overtime. Hydrobiologia 850, 4029–4048 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05285-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05285-5