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Elucidating a history of invasion: population genetics of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas, Actinopterygii, Arapaimidae) in the Madeira River

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Abstract

The spread of non-native fish species is increasing globally and threatening aquatic ecosystems. Identifying the origins, the pathways, and vectors is crucial for managing biological invasions. We conducted a genetic characterization of Arapaima gigas from the Madeira River, considering native and non-native populations, to elucidate the invasion of the upper and middle Madeira River basin by A. gigas. We analyzed 9 microsatellite loci of 141 individuals from native (lower Madeira) and invasive (upper Madeira) populations, in addition to a locality from Peru outside the Madeira River basin drainage area, that previously was suggested to be one of the possible origins of the invasion. The results of discriminant analysis of principal components, Bayesian modeling of population structure, clustering and assignment tests (using microsatellite data from other Amazon locations) showed a clear separation between native and invasive populations and revealed a mixture of individuals from upper and middle Madeira and Peru. We confirm that the invasive population originates from Peru and was introduced by fish escapees from farms. Multiple secondary introductions may have advanced the invasion speed. Such a scenario represents a conservation paradox, because in its native habitat, A. gigas is endangered, whereas it has become invasive in non-native areas.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Foundation for the Development of Scientific and Technological Actions and Research of the State of Rondônia (FAPERO) for the financial support. The authors DTBSC and AMX thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for supporting a doctoral scholarship (financial code 001). We also thank the Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Evolution (LEGAL) of the Universidade Federal do Amazonas and Thematic Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LTBM) of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) for logistical support. Pedro Senna Bittencourt helped with DAPC analysis. We are also grateful to the CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for research grants provided to JRSV (Process Numbers: 302367/2018-7 and 303776/2015-3) and to CRCD (Process Numbers: 305836/2020-0).

Funding

This study was funded by Foundation for the Development of Scientific and Technological Actions and Research of the State of Rondônia (FAPERO), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, financial code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)—process numbers: 302367/2018–7, 303776/2015–3 and 305836/2020–0.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Ichthyology and Fisheries, Department of Biology, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil

    Dayana Tamiris Brito dos Santos Catâneo & Carolina Rodrigues da Costa Doria

  2. Laboratory of Evolution and Animal Genetics, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil

    Aline Mourão Ximenes, Tomas Hrbek & Izeni Pires Farias

  3. Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil

    Aline Mourão Ximenes

  4. Laboratorio de Biologia Y Genetica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones de La Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru

    Carmen Rosa Garcia-Davila

  5. Asociación FAUNAGUA, Cochabamba, Bolivia

    Paul André Van Damme

  6. Laboratory of Molecular Genetics Prof. Dr, Bernardo Beiguelman- Universidade Federal de Rondônia—UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil

    Rubiani de Cássia Pagotto

  7. Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technology Sector, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

    Jean Ricardo Simões Vitule

  8. Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Tomas Hrbek

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  1. Dayana Tamiris Brito dos Santos Catâneo
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Correspondence to Dayana Tamiris Brito dos Santos Catâneo.

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Catâneo, D.T.B., Ximenes, A.M., Garcia-Davila, C.R. et al. Elucidating a history of invasion: population genetics of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas, Actinopterygii, Arapaimidae) in the Madeira River. Hydrobiologia 849, 3617–3632 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04977-8

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