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A new, subalpine species of Daphnia (Cladocera, Anomopoda) in the D. carinata species complex, in the South Island, New Zealand

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Abstract

Until recently, only one native and three apparently introduced Daphnia species were known from New Zealand. We demonstrate that (1) Daphnia in subalpine habitats in southern New Zealand differ morphologically and genetically from the native taxon previously labelled Daphnia carinata to merit species nova status and (2) the name of the latter should revert to D. thomsoni, used by Sars (1894) for Daphnia described from New Zealand mud. We compare some key characteristics and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) sequences of the New Zealand native and other morphologically similar species. Distinctive characteristics of subalpine populations, described as Daphnia tewaipounamu sp. nov., are a wide cephalic shield with lateral flanges curving dorsally via rounded fornices, dorsal cervical depression variably expressed as a ‘step’ in the cephalic shield exuviae and retention of ephippia within shed carapace exoskeletons long after ecdysis. CO1 sequences revealed that D. tewaipounamu sp. nov. belongs to the D. carinata complex but is highly divergent (>14%) from other known members of this complex. New Zealand D. thomsoni is divergent (>15%) from D. carinata s.s. However, it is not endemic to New Zealand, as we confirmed its presence in Tasmania, and some Australian populations are closely related to it.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Marc Schallenberg and Amanda Valois, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, for recent collections of Daphnia from some sites, Warrick Powrie for collection of the Tasmanian Daphnia, Graham Wallis and reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript, and Adam Petrusek for helpful suggestions on the format of the final version. Ken Miller and Gemma Collins helped with illustrations, and Matt Knox assisted in the laboratory. Financial assistance was provided by the University of Otago and through New Zealand Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment projects UOWX0501 and UOWX0505. All morphological work was carried out by CWB who collected the subalpine Daphnia, suggested the name D. tewaipounamu sp. nov. and wrote these sections of the paper; JCB, ICD and IDH carried out the genetic analyses and wrote the genetics sections. All authors read and approved the whole manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Carolyn W. Burns

  2. Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand

    Ian C. Duggan, Jonathan C. Banks & Ian D. Hogg

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  1. Carolyn W. Burns
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  2. Ian C. Duggan
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Correspondence to Carolyn W. Burns.

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Guest editors: Adam Petrusek & Piet Spaak / Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Cladocera

Electronic supplementary material

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10750_2016_2702_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Online Resource (1) Bayesian majority rule consensus tree estimated from mitochondrial CO1 sequences for New Zealand and other Daphnia species estimated using MrBayes 3.2. Numbers above the nodes represent posterior probabilities greater than 95%. The analysis used a general time reversible model plus a proportion of invariant sites, plus a gamma distribution selected using the Akaike criterion in jModelTest. MrBayes estimated the model parameters from the data using one cold and three heated Markov chains. The Monte Carlo Markov chain length was 2,000,000 generations and we sampled the chain every 100 generations. We discarded the first 5000 samples as burnin and thus estimated our phylogeny and posterior probabilities from a consensus of the last 15,000 sampled trees. Supplementary material 1 (PDF 397 kb)

10750_2016_2702_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Online Resource (2) Adult female Daphnia tewaipounamu sp. nov. from Ohau Pond. a, head, rostrum, antennule with aesthetes; scale bar is 0.1 mm. b, spinulation on tail spine, dorsal and ventral carapace margins; scale bar is 0.05 mm. c, postabdomen with anal teeth, claw pecten. Scale bar is 0.1 mm. d, claw pecten and tooth development on combs 1–3. Scale bar is 0.05 mm. Supplementary material 2 (PDF 6944 kb)

10750_2016_2702_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Online Resource (3) Adult male Daphnia tewaipounamu sp. nov. from Ohau pond. Antennules, elongated exopodite setae on thoracic limb I, tail spine, cervical depression, lateral rib on carapace. Scale bar is 0.1 mm. Supplementary material 3 (PDF 2289 kb)

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Burns, C.W., Duggan, I.C., Banks, J.C. et al. A new, subalpine species of Daphnia (Cladocera, Anomopoda) in the D. carinata species complex, in the South Island, New Zealand. Hydrobiologia 798, 151–169 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2702-1

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