Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Negotiating the marketization of higher education in East Africa: a comparative analysis of Tanzania and Kenya

  • Published:
Higher Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Since the 2000s, the literature on the ongoing higher education reforms in Africa has been increasing. The scientific discussion converges in an implicit and recurrent argument about the drivers of these policies. Given the involvement of international experts in the policy design, university reforms are often described as the output of the incentives of international stakeholders and the representatives of international organizations. The aim of this paper is to add a new variable to understand higher education reforms in East Africa, which has been neglected by scholars. In fact, the article sheds light on the determining role of domestic actors in the (re)negotiation of policy processes in Tanzania and Kenya, especially administrative and academic staff and students. Rather than evaluating the success or the failure of the reforms, this paper aims to highlight the power plays between a various set of domestic actors who reshape the outcomes of higher education policies. The paper crosses the experiences from the reform processes of the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and the University of Nairobi in Kenya.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Interview with a manager of the Committee of the university research, administrative and financial reforms of the Makerere University, conducted on May 10, 2012, Makerere University, Kampala (Uganda)

  2. Interview conducted on March 17, 2010, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam

  3. Interviews conducted on February 22, 2010, and March 3, 2010, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam

  4. Interviews conducted on May 13, 2013, Dar es Salaam

  5. This term refers to students who pay their tuition fees through the financial support of their relatives or their personal incomes. The official definition of “private students” used by the government does not include those students who obtain loans from the Higher Education Students’ Loan board (HESLB). This definition reflects that the government and the academic staff seek to uphold an image of publicly funded students. However, even if students on loans were considered as “private students,” this category would need to be questioned, since only few students pay back their loans. The Tanzanian loan system is not completely efficient (Provini 2015a, pp. 534–545), since the board has no viable loan recovery mechanism (Bailey et al. 2010, p. 21) inciting students not to pay back the allocations once they have finished their studies. According to a high member of the academic staff, this dysfunctioning of the HESLB is founded on political motivations, rather than on purely technical reasons. The absence of a sanctioning mechanism for students who fail to recover their loan is based on the political conviction that the financing of higher education costs must be the responsibility of the government: “the higher education loans board is kind of a political organization. It is unfortunate. I say it is unfortunate because funding education should be done politically correct because these are people for your country. This is the most important resource for your country. It should not be a propaganda issue.” Interview conducted on April 30, 2013, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam

  6. Interview with an administrative staff member conducted on April 30, 2013, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam

  7. Interview conducted on March 12, 2010, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam

  8. Interview conducted on May 14, 2013, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam

  9. Interview conducted on November 30, 2011, University of Nairobi, Nairobi

  10. This data is based on a review of the annual reports and accounts of the university including the years from 2000 to 2011 and on figures collected at the Budgetary control section at the UoN.

  11. Interview conducted on November 8, 2011, University of Nairobi, Nairobi

  12. Interview conducted on January 16, 2012, University of Nairobi, Nairobi

  13. Interviews conducted with a professor on November 1 and December 2, 2011, University of Nairobi, Nairobi

  14. Interviews conducted with a professor on November 1 and December 2, 2011, University of Nairobi, Nairobi

  15. Interestingly, the heads of the universities leading the reforms within the higher education institutions in the East-African region between the 1990s and the 2000s had a background in “hard” science. Francis J. Gichaga (Vice-Chancellor of the UoN from 1991 to 2002) is a professor in engineering. Matthew L. Luhanga (Vice-Chancellor of the UDSM between 1991 and 2006) is an engineer in computer science. John P. M. Ssebuwufu (Vice-Chancellor of the Makerere University in Uganda between 1993 and 2004) is a professor in chemistry and Gaston Hakiza (Vice-Chancellor of the University of Burundi in Burundi from 2005 and 2014) is a professor in applied science (Provini 2015a, pp. 306–318). The academic profiles of the university reform leaders in Europe are similar (Aust and Crespy 2009).

  16. Gichaga’s closest advisors are S. Ongeri, from the Department of Pediatrics, and D. P. S. Wasavo, a longstanding professor of zoology. Both have been Chairman of the UoN Council in the 1990s. A third advisor of Gichaga is M. Cheserem, Governor of the Central Bank of Kenya, who was appointed Treasurer of the Council during the same period (Gichaga 2011, pp. 101–130).

  17. At that time, a lecturer explained the academic staff’s discontent and requests: “Lecturers in Kenya are grossly underpaid. They earn a pittance compared to their colleagues in other universities, where dons earn six digit figures. Here, we are on the floor of a five digit figure. The universities’ medical scheme has literally collapsed, while high rents are forcing us out of premises leased by the universities. Academic staff have no housing scheme and universities are increasingly failing to pay rents” (The Economic Review 1994, p. 12).

  18. Interviews conducted with a professor on November 1 and December 2, 2011, University of Nairobi, Nairobi

  19. Interview conducted on November 30, 2011, University of Nairobi, Nairobi

References

  • Abagi, O., Nzomo, J., & Otieno, W. (2005). New trends in higher education. Private higher education in Kenya. Paris: UNESCO/International Institute for Educational Planning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adar, K. G. (1999). Human rights and academic freedom in Kenya's public universities: the case of the universities academic staff union. Human Rights Quarterly, 21(1), 179–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosetti, D. (2009). Nouvelles normes, nouveaux espaces de jugement: la valeur légitimatrice de l’ONU et ses effets normatifs. In Y. Schemeil & E. Wolf-Dieter (Dir.) (Eds.), Normer le monde (pp. 311–335). Paris: L’Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amutabi, M. N. (2002). Crisis and student protest in universities in Kenya: examining the role of students in national leadership and the democratization process. African Studies Review, 45(2), 157–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assie-Lumumba, N. T. (2006). Higher education in Africa. In Crises, reforms and transformation. Dakar: Codesria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aust, J., & Crespy, C. (2009). Napoléon renversé ? Institutionnalisation des pôles de recherche et d’enseignement supérieur et réforme du système académique français. Revue française de science politique, 59(5), 915–938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, D. C., & Gazibo, M. (2012). Neopatrimonialism in Africa and beyond. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, T., Cloete, N., & Pillay, P. (2010). Universities and economic development in Africa. Case study: Tanzania and university of Dar es Salaam. Cape Town: HERANA/CHET.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayart, J.-F. (1993). The state in Africa. The politics of the belly. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, F. (2013). Remembering Nyerere: political rhetoric and dissent in contemporary Tanzania. African Affairs, 112(447), 238–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellagamba, A., & Klute, G. (2008). Beside the state. Emergent powers in contemporary Africa. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berhanu, K. A., Halvoren, T., & Mwiandi, M. (Eds.). (2010). Research universities in the Nile basin countries. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthelemy, J. C., Kauffmann, C., Valfort, M.-A., & Wegner, L. (2004). Privatisation en Afrique subsaharienne : un état des lieux. Paris: OCDE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bienen, H. (1974). Tanzania. Party transformation and economic development. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerk, P. K. (2010). Sovereignty and socialism in Tanzania: the historiography of an African state. History in Africa, 37, 275–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boussaguet, L., Jacquot, S., & Ravinet, P. (2015). Une “french touch” dans l’analyse des politiques publiques? Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branch, D. (2011). Kenya. Between hope and despair, 1963–2011. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock-Utne, B. (2003). Formulating higher education policies in Africa: the pressure from external forces and the neoliberal agenda. JHEA/RESA, 1(1), 24–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. (2007). From demiurge to midwife: changing donor roles in Kenya’s democratisation process. In G. R. Murunga & S. W. Nasong’o (Eds.), Kenya. The struggle for democracy (pp. 301–329). Dakar: CODESRIA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bugwabari, N., Cazenave-Piarrot, A., Provini, O., & Thibon, C. (Eds.). (2012). Universités, universitaires en Afrique de l’Est. Nairobi/Paris: Institut français de recherche en Afrique/Karthala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. R. (2008). International development and bilateral aid to Kenya in the 1990s. Journal of Anthropological Research, 64(2), 249–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlier, J.-E. (2006). Savants et sorciers. Les universités africaines francophones face à la prétendue universalité des critères de qualité. Education et Sociétés, 2(18), 93–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charton, H. (2012). La place des universités africaines dans le nouveau paradigme scientifique mondiale. In N. Bugwabari, A. Cazenave-Piarrot, O. Provini, & C. Thibon (Eds.), Universités, universitaires en Afrique de l’Est (pp. 237–254). Nairobi/Paris: Institut français de recherche en Afrique/Karthala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charton, H., & Fouéré, M.-A. (2013). Présentation. Héros nationaux et pères de la nation en Afrique. Vingtième siècle. Revue d’histoire., 2(118), 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charton, H., & Owuor, S. (2008). De l’intellectuel à l’expert. Les sciences sociales africaines dans la tourmente: le cas du Kenya. Revue internationale d’éducation Sèvres, 49, 107–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouli, L. (2009). Le néolibéralisme dans l’enseignement supérieur burkinabé. Savoir/agir, 10, 119–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colclough, C., & Webb, A. (2012). A triumph of hope over reason? Aid accords and education policy in Kenya. Comparative Education, 48(2), 263–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, C. S., & Rhoads, R. A. (2010). The World Bank, support for universities, and asymmetrical power relations in international development. Higher Education, 59(2), 181–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooksey, B., Levey, L., & Mkude, D. J. (2003). Higher education in Tanzania. A case study. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosato, C. (2002). UDSM students hail dialogue with govt. The Guardian, October 3rd.

  • Daily News (1991). Varsity students resume classes. Daily News, October 10th.

  • Daily News (1992). Students threaten action against government. Daily News, February 5th.

  • Daily News (2006). Dar varsity students want more boom. Daily News, April 29th.

  • Eboko, F. (2015). Repenser l’action publique en Afrique. Du sida à l’analyse de la globalisation des politiques publiques. Paris: Karthala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, S. (2014). Toxic aid. Economic collapse and recovery in Tanzania. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisemon, T. O. (1992). Private initiatives in higher education in Kenya. Higher Education, 24(2), 157–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, J. (1990). The anti-politics machine: “Development” and bureaucratic power in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fouéré, M.-A. (2011). Tanzanie: la nation à l’épreuve du post-socialisme. Politique africaine, 121, 69–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fouéré, M.-A. (2014). Julius Nyerere, Ujamaa, and political morality in contemporary Tanzania. African Studies Review, 57(1), 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fouéré, M.-A. (Ed.). (2015). Remembering Julius Nyerere in Tanzania: history, legacy, memories. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fouilleux, E. (2015). Au-delà des Etats en action… La fabrique des politiques publiques globales. In L. Boussaguet, S. Jacquot, & P. Ravinet (Eds.), Une « French touch » dans l’analyse des politiques publiques (pp. 287–318). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galabawa, J. C. J. (1991). Funding, selected issues and trends in Tanzania higher education. Higher Education, 21(1), 49–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gichaga, F. J. (2011). Surviving the academic arena. My complex journey to the apex. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, J. D. (1973). The idea of a colonial university. African Affairs., 286(72), 26–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, G. (2010). Neoliberal Africa. The impact of global social engineering. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, G. & Mulley, S. (2007). Tanzania: a genuine case of recipient leadership in the aid system?. Working paper: Managing Aid Dependency Project.

  • Harrison, G., Mulley, S., & Holtom, D. (2009). Tanzania: a genuine case of recipient leadership in the aid system? In L. Whitfield (Ed.), The politics of aid: African strategies for dealing with donors (pp. 271–298). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassenteufel, P. (2007). L’Etat mis à nu par les politiques publiques? In B. Badie & Y. Déloye (Eds.), Les temps de l’Etat (pp. 311–329). Paris: Fayard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassenteufel, P. (2011). Sociologie politique: l’action publique. Paris: Armand Colin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornsby, C. (2013). Kenya. A history since independence. New York: I. B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikiara, G. K. (1998). L’économie kenyane face à l’ajustement structurel (1978-1995). In F. Grignon & G. Prunier (Eds.), Le Kenya contemporain (pp. 255–272). Paris/Nairobi: Karthala/IFRA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishengoma, J. (2004). Cost-sharing in higher education in Tanzania: fact or fiction? JHEA/RESA, 2(2), 101–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivaska, A. M. (2005). Of students, “nizers”, and a struggle over youth: Tanzania’s 1966 national service crisis. Africa Today, 51(2005), 83–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivaska, A. M. (2011). Cultured states: youth, gender, and modern style in 1960s Dar es salaam. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Japhet, R. (1994). Varsity students storm ministry, press for fare. Daily News, May 7th.

  • Johnstone, B. D. (2004). Higher education finance and accessibility: tuition fees and student loans in sub-Saharan Africa. JHEA/RESA, 2(2), 11–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagashe, B. (2011). UDSM students protest, clash with police in Dar. The Citizen, February 4th. http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/4-national-news/7928-udsm-students-protest-clash-with-police-in-dar.html. Accessed 17 April 2013.

  • Kajubi, S. W. (1992). Financing of higher education in Uganda. Higher Education, 23(4), 433–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenya Human Rights Commission. (1992). Haven of repression: a report on university of Nairobi and academic freedom in Kenya. Nairobi: Kenya Human Rights Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiamba, C. (2004). Privately sponsored students and other income-generating activities at the University of Nairobi. JHEA/RESA, 2(2), 53–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimambo, I. N., Mapunda, B. B. B., & Lawi, Y. Q. (Eds.). (2008). In search of relevance: a history of the University of Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klopp, J., & Orina, J. R. (2002). University crisis, student activism and the contemporary struggle for democracy in Kenya. African Studies Review, 45(1), 43–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulekana, J. (1990). Mwinyi explains why university was closed down and says: Students were rude. Daily News, May 15th.

  • Landry, T., & Zobel, C. (2000). Post-socialisme, post-colonialisme et postérité de l’idéologie. Bordeaux/Paris: Centre d’études africaines/Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeau, Y., & Mobolaji, O. (2000). The dilemma of post-colonial universities. Elite formation and the restructuring of higher education in sub-Saharan Africa. Ibadan: Institut français de recherche en Afrique/ABB.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lema, E., Mbilinyi, M., & Rajani, R. (2004). Nyerere on education. In Selected essays and speeches 1954–1998. Dar es Salaam: Haki Elimu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lofchie, M. F. (2014). The political economy of Tanzania. Decline and recovery. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luhanga, M. L. (2009). The courage for change. Re-engineering the University of Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luhanga, M. L., Mkude, D. J., Mbwette, T. S. A., Chijoriga, M. M., & Ngirwa, C. A. (2003). Higher education reforms in Africa: the University of Dar es Salaam experience. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, C. (2006). Twilight institutions: public authority and local politics in Africa. Development and Change, 37(4), 685–705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabizela, M. (2007). Surge amid public dominance in higher education: the African perspective. JHEA/RESA, 5(2–3), 15–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makosso, B. (Ed.). (2009). Enseignement supérieur en Afrique francophone. Crises, réformes et transformations. Dakar: Codesria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamdani, M. (2007). Scholars in the marketplace: the dilemmas of neo-liberal reform at Makerere University (1989–2005). Saint-Paul: Codesria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcucci, P., Johnstone, D. B., & Ngolovoi, M. (2008). Higher educational cost-sharing, dual-track tuition fees and higher educational access: the East African experience. Peabody Journal of Education, 83(1), 101–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D.-C. (1988). Tanzanie. L’invention d’une culture politique. Paris: Presses de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques/Karthala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maupeu, H. (2012). Les réformes néolibérales des universités est-africaines: Eléments d’analyses à partir du cas kényan. In N. Bugwabari, A. Cazenave-Piarrot, O. Provini, & C. Thibon (Eds.), Universités, universitaires en Afrique de l’Est (pp. 195–211). Nairobi/Paris: Institut français de recherche en Afrique/Karthala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mburu, N. (2012). Government set to charter 15 public varsities. Business Daily, December 14th. http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Government-set-to-charter15-new-public-varsities/-/539546/1644060/-/ctw6osz/-/index.html. Accessed 8 April 2013.

  • Médard, J.-F. (1991). Etats d’Afrique noire. Formations, mécanismes et crise. Paris: Karthala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mngomezulu, B. R. (2004). A political history of higher education in East Africa. In The rise and fall of the University of East Africa, 1937–1970. Houston: UMI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moja, T. (2004). Policy responses to global transnational by African higher education systems. In P. T. Zeleza & A. Olukoshi (Eds.), African universities in the twenty-first century, Liberalisation and internationalization (Vol. I, pp. 21–41). Dakar: Codesria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukiza, D. (2009). Govt hands tied over tuition fee hike. Daily News. July 30th.

  • Munene, I. I. (2012). Our university: ethnicity, higher education and the quest for state legitimacy in Kenya. Higher Education Policy, 26, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mushi, D. (2008). Planned students strike illegal, says prof. Maghembe. Daily News, November 4th.

  • Musisi, N. B., & Muwanga, N. K. (2003). Makerere university in transition 1993–2000: opportunities and challenges. Oxford/Kampala: James Currey/Fountain Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musselin, C. (2008). Vers un marché international de l’enseignement supérieur? Critique International, 2(39), 13–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwasumbi, J. (2006). Students implore full govt sponsorship. Daily News. August 15th.

  • Mwiria, K., Ng’ethe, N., Ngoma, C., Ouma-Odero, D., Wawire, V., & Wesonga, D. (2006a). Public and private universities in Kenya. New challenges, issues and achievements. Oxford/Nairobi: James Currey/East African Educational Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwiria, K., Ng’ethe, N., Ngome, C., Ouma-Odero, D., Wawire, V., & Wesonga, D. (2006b). Public and private universities in Kenya. New challenges, issues and achievements. Oxford/Nairobi: James Currey/East African Educational Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nord, R., Sobolev, Y., Dunn, D., Hajdenberg, A., Hobdari, N., Maziad, S., & Roudet, S. (2009). Tanzania. The story of an African transition. Washington: International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyasato, R. (2013). Kibaki charters 13th public university. The Standard, February 6th. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000076731&story_title=Kenya-Kibaki-Charters-13th-Public-University. Accessed 8 April 2013.

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1962). Ujamaa. The Basis of African Socialism. Dar es Salaam: Tanganyika Standard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1969). Freedom and socialism/uhuru na ujamaa: a selection from writings and speeches 1965–1967. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oanda, I. O., & Jowi, J. (2012). University expansion and the challenges to social development in Kenya: dilemmas and pitfalls. JHEA/RESA, 10(1), 49–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oanda, I. O., Chege, F. N., & Wesonga, D. M. (2008). Privatisation and private higher education in Kenya: implications for access, equity and knowledge production. Dakar: Codesria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oketch, M. (2003). The growth of private university education in Kenya: the promise and challenge. Peabody Journal of Education, 78(2), 18–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oketch, M. (2016). Financing higher education in sub-Saharan Africa: some reflections and implications for sustainable development. Higher Education, 72(4), 525–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillay, P. (Ed.). (2010). Higher education financing in East and Southern Africa. Somerset West: Center for Higher Education Transformation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitcher, A. M., & Askew, K. M. (2006). African socialisms and postsocialisms. Africa: Journal of the International Africa Institute, 76(1), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Provini, O. (2015a). La circulation des réformes universitaires en Afrique de l’Est. Les politiques de l’enseignement supérieur au regard de la sociologie de l’action publique et de l’Etat. PhD. in political science: Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour.

  • Provini, O. (2015b). The University of Dar es Salaam: a post-Nyerere institution of higher education? Legacies, continuities and changes in an institutional space (1961-2010). In M.-A. Fouéré (Ed.), Remembering Julius Nyerere in Tanzania: History, legacy, memories (pp. 277–302). Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Provini, O., & Schlimmer, S. (2016). Négocier l’action publique dans un Etat sous régime d’aide: une analyse comparée des politiques de l’enseignement supérieur et du foncier en Tanzanie. Revue internationale de politique comparée, 23(2), 199–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranger, T. (1971). The “new historiography” in Dar es Salaam: an answer. African Affairs, 70(278), 50–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. H. (1970). The role of science and technology in development education. In A. Rweyemamu (Ed.), Nation–building in Tanzania (pp. 34–45). Nairobi: East African Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, J. (2008). If not for our own efforts: eventful nationalism in the April 2007 student boycott at the University of Dar es Salaam. B.A. thesis in international relations: The University of Chicago, 2008.

  • Sall, E. (2004). Alternative models to traditional higher education: market demand, networks, and private sector challenges. JHEA/RESA, 2(1), 177–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlimmer, S. (2017a). Construire l’Etat par les politiques foncières. La négociation des transactions foncières en Tanzanie. PhD. in political science: Université de Bordeaux/Sciences Po Bordeaux.

  • Schlimmer, S. (2017b). Talking land grabs is talking politics: land as politicized rhetoric during Tanzania’s 2015 elections. Journal of Eastern African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2017.1410757.

  • Schutte, D. G. W. (1972). The university of Dar es Salaam: a socialist enterprise. In W. R. Niblett, R. B. Freeman, & B. Homes (Eds.), World yearbook of education 1972/3. Universities facing the future (pp. 75–96). Oxon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shivji, I. G. (1993). Intellectuals at the hill. Essays and talks 1969-1993. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tade, A. A. (2012). Beyond reforms: the politics of higher education transformation in Africa. African Studies Review, 53(1), 21–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economic Review (1994). Adar–Uasu wants to democratise universities. The Weekly Review, February 7th–13th.

  • The Guardian (2007). Students march against loan scheme. The Guardian, January 29th.

  • University of Nairobi. (1994). Report of the committee on the income-generating activities in the university. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wangenge-Ouma, G. (2008). Higher education marketisation and its discontents: the case of quality in Kenya. Higher Education, 56(4), 457–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (1988). Education in sub-Saharan Africa. In Policies for adjustment, revitalization, and expansion. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (1994). Higher education: the lessons of experience. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2001). A chance to learn: knowledge and finance for education in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2009). Accelerating catch-up: tertiary education for growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank & Unesco. (2000). Higher education in developing countries. Peril and promise. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeleza, P. T., & Olukoshi, A. (Eds.). (2004). African universities in the twenty-first century. Volume I: liberalisation and internationalization. Dakar: Codesria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoomers, A. (2010). The globalisation and the foreignisation of space: seven processes driving the current global land grab. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(2), 429–447.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Sina Schlimmer who provided very important scientific feedback, constructive comments, and advices during the writing process. I would also like to express my gratitude to the insightful and constructive comments of the reviewers.

Funding

This research was financially supported by the IFRA (French Institute for Research in Africa, Nairobi) from 2011 to 2013.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of La Reunion, 15 avenue René Cassin - CS 92003, 97744, Saint-Denis Cedex 9, France

    Olivier Provini

Authors
  1. Olivier Provini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olivier Provini.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Provini, O. Negotiating the marketization of higher education in East Africa: a comparative analysis of Tanzania and Kenya. High Educ 77, 323–342 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0277-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0277-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation