Abstract
Minerals are the key factor determining human beings’ optimum growth and development. The deficiencies of minerals and vitamins hinder the human normal growth and development and economic status. In the 21st century, macro and micronutrient deficiencies are significant challenges to improving the nutritional value of foods at the socio-economic level. Bio-fortification is a simple strategy to improve the nutritional value of the human diet. Several bio-fortification strategies, including traditional breeding, transgenic, agronomic, and modernized agriculture practices, were employed to biofortify crops to meet nutritional needs. However, these strategies are also lacking sustainability due to the specific crop species and micronutrients, provision of long-term monitoring and assistance, long term high cost of special chemical fertilizers, losses of crop yield due to chemical fertilizers-induced alterations of plant metabolism, environmental and health impact originating from incorporation new minerals elements like Se and Cu. Therefore, microbial bio-fortification can promote human health and agriculture sustainability. This review highlights; the phyto-availability of micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca, Se, I, & Cu) for human diets; availability of micronutrients value in a stable in the edible part of plants; plant uptakes of micronutrients from the soil system; & strategies of crops fortification and its importance. At present, microbial bio-fortification should be emphasized by exploring the macro and micronutrients regulatory mechanisms through plant-microbe interaction with specific soil systems and climate change.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are highly thankful to DST (DST/INT/SL/P-31/2021) (DST/SEED/SCSI/STI/2020/426), SERB (EEQ/2021/001083), and BHU-IoE (6031)-incentive grant for financial assistance for research work related to plant-microbe-soil interaction. DKJ is thankful to UGC for providing Dr. D.S. Kothari Postdoctoral Fellowship (No.F.4 − 2/2006 (BSR)/BL/20–21/0082) to carry out the research work.
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DKJ & JPV conceptualize the manuscript’s content; DKJ, RK, APDAP, and GKC help in data collection and preparing the first draft. DKJ, JPV, RP, ABA, SP SKV & JY did the final editing of the manuscript.
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Supplementary Table legends
Table S 1. List of concentrations of essential mineral elements in edible tissues of crops.
Table S 2. List of sources of minerals used in the biofortification and their concentrations in cereals & pulses.
Table S 3. Biotechnology approaches (plant breeding/ transgenic) to biofortification of crops.
Supplementary Figure legends
Figure S 1. A diagrammatic representation of various methods, applications, and benefits of mineral bio-fortification in cereal, legumes, and vegetables. [PSB: phosphate solubilizing bacteria; FYM; Farm Yard Manure; KSB: potassium solubilizing bacteria; VAM: vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza; IPM: integrated pest management; INP: integrated nutrient management]
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Jaiswal, D.K., Krishna, R., Chouhan, G.K. et al. Bio-fortification of minerals in crops: current scenario and future prospects for sustainable agriculture and human health. Plant Growth Regul 98, 5–22 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00847-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00847-4