Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genome surveying reveals the complete chloroplast genome and nuclear genomic features of the crocin-producing plant Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gardenia jasminoides, a well-known traditional Chinese herb, has been extensively utilized for its being as stable pigment in food industry and as rich source of crocin in treatment of various cancers and cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, molecular data shortage of the organelle and nuclear genome vastly limits further biological research on G. jasminoides. In this study, complete chloroplast (cp) genome and large-scale nuclear genome sequences of G. jasminoides were initially generated by genome survey sequencing, and comprehensive genomic structure and comparison analyses were performed. The results showed that G. jasminoides cp genome displayed a typical quadripartite organization and was sized in 154,921 bp with 37.5% GC content. It contained 132 genes, 18 out of which were duplicated in the inverted repeat regions (IRs). Fifty long repeats (motif > 10 bp) and 27 simple sequence repeats were detected, and 30 usage-biased codons and 58 RNA-editing sites were predicted in G. jasminoides cp genome. The G. jasminoides cp genome was similar to those related species in Rubiaceae in terms of gene order and IR borders and a sister relationship of Gardenia and Coffea is strongly supported. Furthermore, the nuclear genome size of G. jasminoides was estimated to be 562.9 Mb, with heterozygosity rate being of 0.68%, repeat proportion of 51.6% and GC content of 36.44%. Overall, the data resources and findings generated in the present study will shed new light on the molecular and breeding studies on this important crocin-producing plant in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amiryousefi A, Hyvönen J, Poczai P (2018) IRscope: an online program to visualize the junction sites of chloroplast genomes. Bioinformatics 34:3030–3031

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu JM, Smith SA, Leitch IJ (2010) On the tempo of genome size evolution in angiosperms. J Botany 2010:989152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhandari PR (2015) Crocus sativus L. (saffron) for cancer chemoprevention: a mini review. J Tradit Complement Med 5:81–87

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bock R (2014) Genetic engineering of the chloroplast: novel tools and new applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 26:7–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bock DG, Kane NC, Ebert DP, Rieseberg LH (2014) Genome skimming reveals the origin of the Jerusalem Artichoke tuber crop species: neither from Jerusalem nor an artichoke. New Phytol 201:1021–1030

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bremer B, Eriksson T (2009) Time tree of Rubiaceae: phylogeny and dating the family, subfamilies, and tribes. Int J Plant Sci 170:766–793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen T, Luo XR, Zhu H, Charlotte MT, Friedrich E, Henrik L, Michele F, Christian P, Wu ZY, Raven PH (2011) Rubiaceae. Science Press, Beijing, p 570

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Zhou J, Cui Y, Wang Y, Duan B, Yao H (2018) Identification of Ligularia herbs using the complete chloroplast genome as a super-barcode. Front Pharmacol 9:695

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corneille S, Lutz K, Maliga P (2000) Conservation of RNA editing between rice and maize plastids: are most editing events dispensable? Mol Gen Genet 264:419–424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daniell H, Lin C-S, Yu M, Chang W-J (2016) Chloroplast genomes: diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering. Genome Biol 17:134

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Santana Lopes A, Pacheco TG, dos Santos KG, do Nascimento Vieira L, Guerra MP, Nodari RO, de Souza EM, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Rogalski M (2018) The Linum usitatissimum L. plastome reveals atypical structural evolution, new editing sites, and the phylogenetic position of Linaceae within Malpighiales. Plant Cell Rep 37:307–328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng SY, Wang XR, Zhu PL, Wen Q, Yang CX (2015) Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the medicinal plant Gardenia jasminoides (Rubiaceae). Biochem Syst Ecol 58:149–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Downie SR, Jansen RK (2015) A comparative analysis of whole plastid genomes from the Apiales: expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat, mitochondrial to plastid transfer of DNA, and identification of highly divergent noncoding regions. Syst Botany 40:336–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duan R, Huang M, Yang L, Liu Z (2017) Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Emmenopterys henryi (Gentianales: Rubiaceae), an endangered relict tree species endemic to China. Conserv Genet Resour 9:459–461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frazer KA, Pachter L, Poliakov A, Rubin EM, Dubchak I (2004) VISTA: computational tools for comparative genomics. Nucleic Acids Res 32:W273–W279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Freyer R, Hoch B, Neckermann K, Maier RM, Kössel H (1993) RNA editing in maize chloroplasts is a processing step independent of splicing and cleavage to monocistronic mRNAs. Plant J 4:621–629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frusciante S, Diretto G, Bruno M, Ferrante P, Giuliano G (2014) Novel carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase catalyzes the first dedicated step in saffron crocin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 5:12246–12251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaber MK, Barakat AA (2019) Micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis induction of Gardenia jasminoides plants. Alex Sci Exch J 40:190–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Han J, Zhang W, Cao H, Chen S, Wang Y (2007a) Genetic diversity and biogeography of the traditional Chinese medicine, Gardenia jasminoides, based on AFLP markers. Biochem Syst Ecol 35:138–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han J, Chen S, Zhang WS, Wang Y (2007b) Molecular ecology of Gardenia jasminoides authenticity. Chin J Appl Ecol 17:2385–2388

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirose T, Sugiura M (1997) Both RNA editing and RNA cleavage are required for translation of tobacco chloroplast ndhD mRNA: a possible regulatory mechanism for the expression of a chloroplast operon consisting of functionally unrelated genes. EMBO J 16:6804–6811

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseinzadeh H, Sadeghnia HR, Ghaeni FA, Motamedshariaty VS, Mohajeri SA (2012) Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its active constituent, crocin, on recognition and spatial memory after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Phytother Res 26:381–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Yang Z, Huang S, An W, Li J, Zheng X (2019) Comprehensive analysis of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa chloroplast genome. Plants 8:89

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ji A, Jing J, Zhichao X, Ying L, Wu B, Fengming R, Chunnian H, Jie L, Kaizhi H, Jingyuan S (2017) Transcriptome-guided mining of genes involved in crocin biosynthesis. Front Plant Sci 8:518

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jiao W-B, Schneeberger K (2017) The impact of third generation genomic technologies on plant genome assembly. Curr Opin Plant Biol 36:64–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahlau S, Aspinall S, Gray JC, Bock R (2006) Sequence of the tomato chloroplast DNA and evolutionary comparison of solanaceous plastid genomes. J Mol Evol 63:194–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 30:772–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, Stones-Havas S, Cheung M, Sturrock S, Buxton S, Cooper A, Markowitz S, Duran C (2012) Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28:1647–1649

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kersey PJ (2019) Plant genome sequences: past, present, future. Curr Opin Plant Biol 48:1–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kowallik KV (2018) Origin and evolution of chloroplasts: current status and future perspectives. In: Schenk HEA, Herrmann RG, Jeon KW, Müller NE, Schwemmler W (eds) Eukaryotism and symbiosis. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–23

  • Kurtz S, Choudhuri JV, Ohlebusch E, Schleiermacher C, Stoye J, Giegerich R (2001) REPuter: the manifold applications of repeat analysis on a genomic scale. Nucleic Acids Res 29:4633–4642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lai CL, Yang JS (1999) Production of crocin by fruit callus culture of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Food Biotechnol 13:209–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lei L, Wang Y, Zhao A-M, Zhu P-L, Zhou SL (2009) Genetic relationship of Gardenia jasminoides among plantations revealed by ISSR. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs 40:117–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Lin F, An D, Wang W, Huang R (2018) Genome sequencing and assembly by long reads in plants. Genes 9:6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H-T, Yi T-S, Gao L-M, Ma P-F, Zhang T, Yang J-B, Gitzendanner MA, Fritsch PW, Cai J, Luo Y (2019) Origin of angiosperms and the puzzle of the Jurassic gap. Nature Plants 5:461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu M, An H, Li L (2016) Genome survey sequencing for the characterization of the genetic background of Rosa roxburghii Tratt and leaf ascorbate metabolism genes. PLoS ONE 11:e0147530

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo R, Liu B, Xie Y, Li Z, Huang W, Yuan J, He G, Chen Y, Pan Q, Liu Y (2012) SOAPdenovo2: an empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler. Gigascience 1:18

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ma P-F, Zhang Y-X, Zeng C-X, Guo Z-H, Li D-Z (2014) Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses resolve deep-level relationships of an intractable bamboo tribe Arundinarieae (Poaceae). Syst Biol 63:933–950

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mai N, Terasaka K, Owaki M, Sota M, Inukai T, Nagatsu A, Mizukami H (2012) UGT75L6 and UGT94E5 mediate sequential glucosylation of crocetin to crocin in Gardenia jasminoides. FEBS Lett 586:1055–1061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maier RM, Zeitz P, Kössel H, Bonnard G, Gualberto JM, Grienenberger JM (1996) RNA editing in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts. In: Filipowicz W, Hohn T (eds) Post-transcriptional control of gene expression in plants. Springer, Berlin, pp 343–365

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Marc L, Oliver D, Sabine K, Ralph B (2013) OrganellarGenomeDRAW—a suite of tools for generating physical maps of plastid and mitochondrial genomes and visualizing expression data sets. Nucleic Acids Res 41:W575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mei Z, Zhou B, Wei C, Cheng J, Imani S, Chen H, Fu J (2015) Genetic authentication of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis var. grandiflora Nakai by improved RAPD-derived DNA markers. Molecules 20:20219–20229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the gateway computing environments workshop (GCE), New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 November, pp 1–8

  • Mower JP (2009) The PREP suite: predictive RNA editors for plant mitochondrial genes, chloroplast genes and user-defined alignments. Nucleic Acids Res 37:W253–W259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peng K, Yang L, Zhao S, Chen L, Zhao F, Qiu F (2013) Chemical constituents from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:1127–1131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raubeson LA, Peery R, Chumley TW, Dziubek C, Fourcade HM, Boore JL, Jansen RK (2007) Comparative chloroplast genomics: analyses including new sequences from the angiosperms Nuphar advena and Ranunculus macranthus. BMC Genom 8:174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H, Movassaghi AR, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K (2013) Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subchronic exposure. Chemico-Biol Interact 203:547–555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson AC, Castañeda CA, Schlessman JL (2014) Structural and thermodynamic consequences of burial of an artificial ion pair in the hydrophobic interior of a protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111:11685–11690

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ronquist F, Teslenko M, Van Der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol 61:539–542

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saarela JM, Burke SV, Wysocki WP, Barrett MD, Clark LG, Craine JM, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Vorontsova MS, Duvall MR (2018) A 250 plastome phylogeny of the grass family (Poaceae): topological support under different data partitions. PeerJ 6:e4299

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samson N, Bausher MG, Lee SB, Jansen RK, Daniell H (2007) The complete nucleotide sequence of the coffee (Coffea arabica L.) chloroplast genome: organization and implications for biotechnology and phylogenetic relationships amongst angiosperms. Plant Biotechnol J 5:339–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schattner P, Brooks AN, Lowe TM (2005) The tRNAscan-SE, snoscan and snoGPS web servers for the detection of tRNAs and snoRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 33:W686–W689

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sheu S, Hsin W (1998) HPLC separation of the major constituents of gardeniae fructus. J Separ Sci 21:523–526

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan DB, Taylor DR (2010) Testing for selection on synonymous sites in plant mitochondrial DNA: the role of codon bias and RNA editing. J Mol Evol 70:479–491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonah H, Deshmukh RK, Singh VP, Gupta DK, Singh NK, Sharma TR (2011) Genomic resources in horticultural crops: status, utility and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 29:199–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30:1312–1313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S (2011) MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28:2731–2739

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tillich M, Lehwark P, Pellizzer T, Ulbricht-Jones ES, Fischer A, Bock R, Greiner S (2017) GeSeq—versatile and accurate annotation of organelle genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 45:W6–W11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsanakas GF, Manioudaki ME, Economo AS, De Kalaitzis P (2014) novo transcriptome analysis of petal senescence in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. BMC Genom 15:554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsudzuki T, Wakasugi T, Sugiura M (2001) Comparative analysis of RNA editing sites in higher plant chloroplasts. J Mol Evol 53:327–332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vurture GW, Sedlazeck FJ, Nattestad M, Underwood CJ, Fang H, Gurtowski J, Schatz MC (2017) GenomeScope: fast reference-free genome profiling from short reads. Bioinformatics 33:2202–2204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang WC, Chen SY, Zhang XZ (2016) Chloroplast genome evolution in Actinidiaceae: clpP loss, heterogenous divergence and phylogenomic practice. PLoS ONE 11:e0162324

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Chen S, Zhang X (2018a) Whole-genome comparison reveals heterogeneous divergence and mutation hotspots in chloroplast genome of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. Int J Mol Sci 19:1037

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Chen S, Zhang X (2018b) Whole-genome comparison reveals divergent IR borders and mutation hotspots in chloroplast genomes of herbaceous bamboos (Bambusoideae: Olyreae). Molecules 23:1537

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Xing H, Yuan Y, Wang X, Saeed M, Tao J, Feng W, Zhang G, Song X, Sun X (2018c) Genome-wide analysis of codon usage bias in four sequenced cotton species. PLoS ONE 13:e0194372

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Chen S, Liu C, Liu Y, Zhao X, Yang C, Qu G-Z (2019a) Genome survey sequencing of Betula platyphylla. Forests 10:826

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang R, Fan J, Chang P, Zhu L, Zhao M, Li L (2019b) Genome survey sequencing of Acer truncatum Bunge to identify genomic information, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and complete chloroplast genome. Forests 10:87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wicke S, Schneeweiss GM, Müller KF, Quandt D (2011) The evolution of the plastid chromosome in land plants: gene content, gene order, gene function. Plant Mol Biol 76:273–297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Wu R, Zhang B, Jiang T, Li N, Qian K, Zhang J (2012) Epigenetic instability in genetically stable micropropagated plants of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Plant Growth Regul 66:137–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyman SK, Jansen RK, Boore JL (2004) Automatic annotation of organellar genomes with DOGMA. Bioinformatics 20:3252–3255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z-C, Pu X-D, Gao R-R, Demurtas OC, Fleck SJ, Richter M et al (2020) Tandem gene duplications drive divergent evolution of caffeine and crocin biosynthetic pathways in plants. BMC Biol 18:63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yan C, Yang ZL, Zhang LH, Liu SJ, Zhang XT (2011) Determination of geniposide, crocin and crocetin in different processing products of fructus gardeniae by HPLC-ELSD. J Chin Med Mater 34:687–690

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Huang Y, An W, Zheng X, Huang S, Liang L (2019) Sequencing and structural analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of the medicinal plant Lycium chinense Mill. Plants 8:87

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Zhang J-W, Yang Y, Li X-N (2019) Structural and comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of a mangrove plant: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. f. and related Rubiaceae species. Forests 10:1000

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H, Yang L, Peng Z, Sun H, Yue X, Lou Y, Dong L, Wang L, Gao Z (2015) Developing genome-wide microsatellite markers of bamboo and their applications on molecular marker assisted taxonomy for accessions in the genus Phyllostachys. Sci Rep 5:8018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu T, Wang L, You FM, Rodriguez JC, Deal KR, Chen L et al (2019) Sequencing a Juglans regia × J. microcarpa hybrid yields high-quality genome assemblies of parental species. Hortic Res 6:1–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Qian Liu from BioMarker for the help in DNA sequencing experiment.

Funding

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31600173), Xinglin Talent Funding of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (A1-AFD018181Z3949), Innovation Project for Forestry Science and Technology in Guangdong (2019KJCX012, 2020KYXM03, 2020KJCX010), and Excellent Doctor Fund of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering (KA180581235).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China

    Wencai Wang & Fengqing Shao

  2. Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China

    Wencai Wang & Fengqing Shao

  3. College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China

    Xin Deng, Yongquan Li, Wei Guo, Hong Liang & Xianzhi Zhang

  4. Hubei Zixin Biotechnology Co. LTD, Huangshi, 435004, China

    Yuanwei Liu

  5. Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China

    Siyun Chen

  6. Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China

    Qingbin Jiang

Authors
  1. Wencai Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fengqing Shao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xin Deng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yuanwei Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Siyun Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yongquan Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Wei Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Qingbin Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Hong Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Xianzhi Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: W-CW, X-ZZ. Performed the experiments: W-CW, F-QS, XD, Y-WL. Analyzed the data: W-CW, S-YC, X-ZZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: Y-WL, S-YC, Y-QL, WG, Q-BJ, HL, X-ZZ. Wrote the paper: W-CW, X-ZZ. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xianzhi Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 23 kb)

Supplementary material 2 (DOCX 18 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, W., Shao, F., Deng, X. et al. Genome surveying reveals the complete chloroplast genome and nuclear genomic features of the crocin-producing plant Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Genet Resour Crop Evol 68, 1165–1180 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-01056-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-01056-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation