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Regional disparities and development in India: evidence from Wroclow Taxonomy and K-means clustering

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Abstract

Regional disparities are a universal phenomenon, especially in developing countries to obstruct the equitable development process. The study employed the sustainable regional development concept by introducing a very limited used technique ‘Wroclow Taxonomy’. In this paper, we have attempted to investigate the inter-state regional disparities and their achievement in the six dimensions (human, social, economic, physical, natural, and agricultural assets), including thirty-one indicators. Additionally, the study delivers a unique and well-defined conceptual framework to understand the regional disparities across the different units in various settings. Here, Composite index of sustainable regional development was computed based on Wroclow Taxonomy technique and identify the model states for considerable improvements. Besides, K-means clustering schemes was used to identify the inter-states regional development in terms of the above mentioned composite index. The results show Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Jammu and Kashmir are unable to meet the developmental criteria in most of the dimensions and failed to improvise the human resource potential toward the achievement of equitable development. On the other hand, fewer states, namely Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, have contributed to sustainable development, and the states of West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and a few others indicate the mixed effect on the employed sustainable developmental model. In order to analyze the inter-state developmental prospects, categorized the 29 Indian states into three categories, i.e., leaders, potential leaders, and potential adopters, by K-means clustering using the six-dimensional index. The analysis indicates that regional development is not a unidimensional aspect; it is accompanied by different dimensions that need to be figured out. Lastly, the outcome of this study helps the policymakers, planners, and researchers, frame an inclusive and equitable developmental process that would reduce inter-state disparities.

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Data availability

All data for this study is publically available. To access the data, kindly visit the respective websites of government of India.

Abbreviations

AAI:

Agricultural Assets Index

EAI:

Economic Assets Index

HAI:

Human Assets Index

NAI:

Natural Assets Index

PAI:

Physical Assets Index

SAI:

Social Assets Index

SDG:

Sustainable development goals

SLF:

Sustainable Livelihood Framework

SRD:

Sustainable regional development

SRDI:

Sustainable Regional Development Index

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Acknowledgements

Firstly, the authors would like to express their heartfelt appreciation to the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable time to provide informative remarks, ideas, and comments which greatly assisted in improving the manuscript. Besides, the authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Department of Geography & Applied Geography, University of North Bengal and Centre for the Study of Regional Development (CSRD), Jawaharlal Nehru University for providing opportunity in conducting the research work.

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  1. Department of Geography and Applied Geography, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India

    Suranjan Majumder, Prosenjit Kayal & Indrajit Roy Chowdhury

  2. Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Shibu Das

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Appendices

Appendix A

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Table 8 Comparative overview of sustainable assets based variable and the performance of Indian States
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8.

Appendix B

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Table 9 Pearson correlation coefficient between six sustainable development Index and sustainable regional development of Indian States
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9.

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Majumder, S., Kayal, P., Chowdhury, I.R. et al. Regional disparities and development in India: evidence from Wroclow Taxonomy and K-means clustering. GeoJournal 88, 3249–3282 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10805-2

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