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Land leasing in a post-land reform context: insights from Zimbabwe

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Abstract

Despite the Zimbabwean State’s narrative and discourse that in fast track land reform areas ‘land leasing is illegal’, there is a surge in land leasing. This article focuses on how land leasing unfolds in the post-fast track land reform Zimbabwe, paying particular attention to state’s role in land leasing, the forms of land leasing and the forms of conflicts that emerge. The study draws from a qualitative research conducted on 90 purposively selected households resettled on three farms and 15 key informants in Marondera district. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and analyzed through thematic coding and descriptive statistics. SPSS version 23 and Microsoft Excel were used to perform the statistical analysis. Findings show that land leasing is still ongoing informally and that various actors participate in it. The land reform beneficiaries leased out land due to livelihood precarity, as a means of safeguarding land by absentee land owners, labor shortages and tenure insecurity. The results revealed that 94% of the land is leased out to large-scale tenants and 6% to small-scale tenants. The study also noted that 100% of the land leasing occurred in the study area informally. Furthermore, 90% of these agreements are verbal and only 10% are written. The informal land leasing practice is also fraught with conflicts, such as struggles over plot boundaries, non-rent payments and crop theft. The State's ambiguity in this matter has not helped, it merely drives land leasing ‘underground’ but does not halt it. Therefore, a ‘new normal’ land leasing system that strives outside the confines of the law has emerged. In terms of policy implications, the study calls for the State and stakeholders to re-examine land leasing, and consider a modest tax on it, and establish village based simplification and regularization of land leasing procedures.

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Fig 1.

Source: OCHA (2008)

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Notes

  1. A1 peasant landholdings up to 6 ha and A2 middle to large scale landholdings from 6 ha up to 1500 ha depending on the agro-ecological zone.

  2. See also President Mugabe speech on 30 July 2017 in Chinhoyi.

  3. Each farm is made up of A1 land reform beneficiaries that range from 28 to 60 households.

  4. The compensation of white former landowners started in March 2019. The compensation is for the land improvements (infrastructure) that the white former landowners had made on the land.

  5. The Zimbabwe Land Commission is designated as an independent organization that superintendents over land governance in Zimbabwe. Since the recent formation of the ZLC, it has embarked on a land audit, decentralized its offices to the provinces and has commenced dialogue on the crafting of a land policy. However, it is too early to provide general remarks on how the ZLC has fared with regards to land leasing.

  6. Authors were shown two written agreements. Some farmers highlighted that they had misplaced their written agreements.

  7. (SI) Statutory Instrument 53 of 2014; Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water, Climate and Rural Resettlement (MLAWCRR).

  8. Interview with the MLAWCRR in February 2018.

  9. The former white farmers formed a consortium, that manages the land rentals and cropping, this consortium is managed through the remaining/ downsized white Large Scale Commercial Farmer. Informal Interviews indicated that the consortium is made up of between 4–6 white commercial farmers.

  10. Chimhowu and Woodhouse (2008)’s study was carried out on the Svosve Communal Lands located 18 km from our study site.

  11. $460 is equivalent to one bale of tobacco, and the land leasee harvest an average of 25 bales per ha.

  12. On indebtedness in land rental markets see Byres (1983).

  13. Command Agriculture- is a state led contract scheme in partnership with Sakunda Energy a private Company. It is not an input subsidy program but a contract scheme with input prices similar to those offered by other private contracting schemes (Mazwi et al. 2019).

  14. Interview with absentee landowner 10 March 2018.

  15. Zimbabwe conducted a preliminary land audit from 22 October 2018 to 24 November 2018 (The Herald, 21 October 2018). It is a crucial audit after several years of no land audit due to the shortage of funds and political situation. The land audit is being rolled out countrywide.

  16. Interview with one of the authors in May 2018 in Harare.

  17. Interview with MLAWCRR Officials on 15 March 2018 revealed that the extension officers are inadequately resourced (some do not have motor bikes for mobility and lacked demonstration resources).

  18. Good husbandry is a process whereby land reform beneficiaries are envisaged to practice productive agriculture by taking good care of the land (Worby 2001).

  19. Zimbabwe’s inflation rate has been on the rise, in 2018, the annual inflation was around 38.75 on a month on month basis (Sibanda 2019).

  20. Is a village committee set up to administer village issues; it is part of the local governance system.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, 15 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian, Beijing, 10084, China

    George T. Mudimu & Ting Zuo

  2. Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

    Ashfaq Ahmad Shah

  3. Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Ministry of Agriculture, Mulungushi House, Ridgeway, P.O. Box 50595, Lusaka, Zambia

    Nkumbu Nalwimba

  4. West and Central Africa Regional Office, Sahel Node, World Agroforestry (Icraf), Bp E5118, Bamako, Mali

    Abdou Matsalabi Ado

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Mudimu, G.T., Zuo, T., Shah, A.A. et al. Land leasing in a post-land reform context: insights from Zimbabwe. GeoJournal 86, 2927–2943 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10219-y

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