Abstract
Geohistorical retrospective analysis attempts to establish the location of industrial mineral extractive sites. This paper is based on a study of the Rotunda of Mosta, a feat in architectural engineering structures inspired by the Pantheon in Rome. It was designed and erected in local Lower Globigerina Limestone. This Neoclassical church is the third largest unsupported masonry dome in the ecclesiastical architectural history of Europe. According to oral tradition, the architect Giorgio Grognet de Vassé had opted to use limestone from Ta’ Vnezja in the limits of Mosta. A retrospective analysis of the geological fabric used in the construction of the church proves that the limestone was not from this area but from a locality in its close proximity, namely Ta’ Qali. Although the geology present at both sites was considered similar at the time of erecting the church and the respective relative suitability for use as dimension stone was known, the limestone at Ta’ Vnezja is lithologically different from Ta’ Qali. At both these localities quarries were sunk in their lithostratigraphic sub-formation namely the Middle Globigerina Limestone Member and the Lower Globigerina Limestone Member respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, A. L. (1870). Notes on the Nile Valley and Malta. London: Edmonston and Douglas.
Anon, (1841a). Church at Musta. Malta Penny Magazine, 98, 117–119.
Anon, (1841b). Church at Musta. Malta Penny Magazine, 99, 120–122.
Banchelli, A., Fabio Fratini, M., Malesani, P. G., & Manganelli Del Fa, C. (1997). The sandstones of Florentine historic buildings: individuation of the marker and determination of the supply quarries of the rocks used in some Florentine monuments. Science and Technology for Cultural Heritage, 6(1), 13–22.
Bianco, L. (1993). Some factors controlling the quality of lower globigerina building stone of Malta. Unpublished M.Sc. dissertation, University of Leicester.
Bianco, L. (1995). The industrial minerals of the Maltese Islands. Hyphen, 7(3), 111–118.
Bianco, L. (1999). Geocultural activity in seventeenth and eighteenth century Malta. GeoJournal, 48(4), 337–340.
Bianco, L. (2017a). Portaland stone and the architectural history of London: An overview. Mesto a Dejiny—The City and History, 6(1), 33–47.
Bianco, L. (2017b). Limestone replacement in restoration: The case of the Church of Santa Maria Birkirkara, Malta. International Journal of Conservation Science, 8(2), 167–176.
Bianco, L. (2017c). Cartographic representations in early eighteenth century Baroque Malta. Geographia Technica, 12(1), 1–8.
Bianco, L. (2017d). Techniques to determine the provenance of limestone used in Neolithic Architecture of Malta. Romanian Journal of Physics, 62(1–2), 901.
Bianco, L. (2017e). Mineralogy and geochemistry of blue patches occurring in the Globigerina Limestone Formation used in the architecture of the Maltese Islands. Comptes rendus de l’Académie Bulgare des Sciences, 70(4), 537–544.
Bianco, L. (2017f). Bio-retexturing in limestone used in the built heritage of Malta. Romanian Reports in Physics, 69(4), 802.
Bianco, L., & Associates (2000). Retention of the status quo regarding the exportation of Maltese Stone: Study for the Ministry for Economic Services, Malta. Retrieved January 22, 2011 from http://www.lino-bianco.com/otherprojects/images/3_exportation/retentionofthestatusquo.pdf.
Borg, K. (1982). Neo-classical architecture in Malta in the 19th century. Unpublished B.E. & A. (Hons) dissertation, University of Malta.
British Petroleum Co. Ltd. (1957). Geological survey of the Maltese Islands: Malta. London: Ordnance Survey.
Bruno, B. (2004). L’Arcipelago Maltese in Eta’ Romana e Bizantina. Edipuglia: Bari.
Camilleri, D. H. (1988). Globigerina limestone as a structural material. The Architect, (9), 17–25.
Camilleri, D. H. (2000). Structural integrity handbook: Building-regulations 2000. Malta: Building Industry Consultative Council. Retrieved January 22, 2016 from http://www.dhiperiti.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2.Structural-Integrity-Handbook-Building-Regulations-20006.pdf.
Caruana, M., & Gingell Littlejohn, A. (1998). St Paul’s Anglican pro-cathedral in Valletta. Treasures of Malta, 4(2), 67–72.
Crown Agents for the Colonies. (1885). Resistance of Malta and Gozo stone to thrusting stress. London: David Kirkaldy and Son.
De Lucca, D. (1975). The Maltese ‘Perit’ in History. Melita Historica, 6(4), 431–436.
Dreesen, R., & Dusar, M. (2004). Historical building stones in the province of Limburg (NE Belgium): role of petrography in provenance and durability assessment. Materials Characterization, 53(2–4), 273–287.
Ellul, M. (2010). Malta limestone goes to Europe: Use of Malta stone outside Malta. The Malta Historical Society, Special Edition, 371–406. Retrieved November 15, 2017 from http://maltahistory.eu5.net/60/60_25.html.
Fergusson, J. (1862). History of the modern styles of architecture: Being a sequel to the handbook of architecture. London: John Murray.
Florensa, A. (1967). L’Architettura di Spagna a Malta. In L`Architettura a Malta, Atti de XV Congresso de Storia dell-Architettura, Malta, 11–16 September 1967 (pp. 413–421). Rome: Centro di Studi per la Storia dell-Architettura.
Goldthwaite, R. A. (1980). The building of renaissance florence: An economic and social history. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Grongnet de Vassé, G. (1833a). Correspondence dated 18 January 1833. In E. W. Salomone (Ed.), La Rotonda della Musta: Relazione architettonica del Grongnet: documenti editi (pp. 9–12). Malta, 1913.
Grongnet de Vassé, G. (1833b). Relazione sul mio Progetto per la nuova Chiesa da Fabricarsi di pianta in Casal Musta. In E. W. Salomone (Ed.), La Rotonda della Musta: Relazione architettonica del Grongnet: documenti editi (pp. 15–21). Malta, 1913.
Grongnet de Vassé, G. (1834). Correspondence dated 12 March 1834. In E. W. Salomone (Ed.), La Rotonda della Musta: Relazione architettonica del Grongnet: documenti editi (pp. 24). Malta, 1913.
Hackman, G. (2014). Stone to build London: Portland’s legacy. Wiltshire: Folly Books.
Harsien Patrimonju Mosti, Mosta—Facts and figures. Retrieved August 9, 2017 from http://www.it-tarka.com/mosta–facts-and-figures.php.
Hughes, Q. (1967). The building of Malta during the period of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem. London: Alec Tiranti.
Leary, E. (1983). The building limestones of the British Isles. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
MacGill, T. (1839). A hand book, or guide, for strangers visiting Malta. Malta: Luigi Tonna.
Mamo, J. (1936). Marbles and limestones of Malta. Sands, Clays and Minerals, 2(4), 83–88.
Milizia, F. (1785). Principii d’ Architettura Civile (Vol. 3). Bassano: Remondini.
Murray, J. (1890). The Maltese Islands with special reference to their geological structure. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 6(1), 449–488.
Navarro, R., Sánchez-Valverde, J., & Baltuille, J. M. (2015). The natural stone in the historic buildings of the city of Granada (Southern Spain). Features as a possible candidate for the designation of global heritage stone province. In G. Lollino, A. Manconi. G. Guzzetti, M. Culshaw, P. Bobrowsky & F. Luino (Eds.), Engineering geology for society and territory (Vol. 5, pp. 229–232). Springer.
Oil Exploration Directorate. (1993). Geological map of the Maltese Islands: sheet 1. Malta: Office of the Prime Minister.
Pedley, H. M., & Bennett, S. M. (1985). Phosphorites, hardgrounds and syndepositional solution subsidence: A palaeoenvironmental model from the Miocene of the Maltese Islands. Sedimentary Geology, 45(1–2), 1–34.
Pedley, H. M., House, M. R., & Waugh, B. (1976). The geology of Malta and Gozo. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 87(3), 325–341.
Rizzo, C. (1932). Report on the geology of the Maltese Islands. Malta: Government Printing Office.
Salomone, E. W. (1911). Musta: Memories and charms. Malta: The Orphans' Press Rochdale.
Spiteri, M., & Borg, D. (2015). The formation of the architect-engineer perito, and agrimensore, and their regulation by the Order of St. John in eighteenth-century Malta. The Journal of Baroque Studies, 1(3), 129–173.
Spratt, T. A. (1843). On the geology of the Maltese Islands. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 4(97), 225–230.
Spratt, T. A. (1852). On the geology of Malta. Malta: Valletta.
Stamp, G. (2012). Domes. Apollo, 175(595), 74–75.
Torrero, E., Sanz, D., Arroyo, M. N., & Navarro, V. (2015). The Cathedral of Santa Maria (Cuenca, Spain): Principal stone characterization and conservation status. International Journal of Conservation Science, 6(4), 625–632.
Uhlir, C., Schaller, K., & Unterwurzacher, M. (2013). Historic quarries: Case studies. In H. G. Bock, W. Jäger, & M. J. Winckler (Eds.), Scientific Computing and cultural heritage (pp. 245–253). Heidelberg: Springer.
UNESCO, City of Valletta. Retrieved January 13, 2017 from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/131.
UNESCO, World Heritage List: Megalithic Temples of Malta. Retrieved March 30, 2016 from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/132.
Ventolà, L., Giraldez, P., & Vendrell, M. (2012). Selective use of stones in the medieval Cathedral of Tarragona, Spain: Construction and historical reasons. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 6(5), 478–488.
Wardell Armstrong (1996). Mineral resource assessment report. Malta: Planning Authority.
Wotton, W. (1624). The elements of architecture. London: John Bill.
Zammit-Maempel, G. (1977). An outline of Maltese geology. Malta: Birkirkara.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the late Rev. Paul Caruana from Naxxar for his help in the translation of the original sources on Mosta Dome from Italian into English and Alessandra Bianco for her assistance in gathering historical photographic material. Photos credits re Figs. 3 and 4 are due to website https://en.wikipedia.org and the Planning Authority (Malta) respectively.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no potential conflict of interest (financial or non-financial).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bianco, L. A geohistorical retrospective analysis of cultural heritage buildings: the case of Mosta Dome, Malta. GeoJournal 84, 291–302 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9861-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9861-8