Abstract
To quantitatively study the instability and failure characteristics of sandstone with flaws under engineering load, a method for identifying the failure characteristics of rock mass with flaws by date based on Digital image correlation (DIC) technology is proposed. The crack initiation type, corresponding action sequence, and stress level are determined. The uniaxial compression tests of sandstone with a prefabricated flaw at different angles are carried out. And the mechanical properties and deformation field characteristics, and failure characteristics of sandstone with flaws are analyzed. The results show that the peak strength and elastic modulus of sandstone increase and the damage propagation behavior decrease with the increase of flaw angle. Based on DIC technology, the whole process of crack initiation, propagation, and failure is intuitively reflected, the deformation characteristics corresponding to the stress levels of the 4 key points are clarified, and the crack propagation path and key failure areas are mastered. The flaw inclination angle affects the distribution of displacement and strain and determines the new crack initiation position. With the increase of stress value, the horizontal displacement and principal strain increase exponentially at different angles, and the vertical displacement increase linearly. When the inclination angle is 30°, 45°, and 60°, the strain distribution along the crack tip is "Butterfly". The fracture initiation modes of sandstone with a prefabricated flaw at different angles include type I and I–II mixed type. In type I–II, type II acts before type I, and the stress level is lower than type I.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the corresponding author.
References
Bieniawski ZT (1967) Mechanism of brittle fracture of rock: Part I-theory of the fracture process. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 4(4):395–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(67)90030-7
Blaber J, Adair B, Antoniou A (2015) Ncorr: open-source 2D digital image correlation matlab software. Exp Mech 55(6):1105–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-015-0009-1
Bobet A, Einstein HH (1998) Fracture coalescence in rock-type materials under uniaxial and biaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 35:863–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(98)00005-9
Dong W, Wu ZM, Zhou XM, Wang N, Kastiukas G (2017) An experimental study on crack propagation at rock-concrete interface using digital image correlation technique. Eng Fract Mech 171:50–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.12.003
Du K, Li XF, Tao M, Wang SF (2020) Experimental study on acoustic emission (AE) characteristics and crack classification during rock fracture in several basic lab tests. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104411
Esterhuizen GS, Dolinar DR, Ellenberger JL (2011) Pillar strength in underground stone mines in the United States. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 48:42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.06.003
Ji WW, Pan PZ, Lin Q, Feng XT, Du MP (2016) Do disk-type specimens generate a mode II fracture without confinement? Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 87:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.05.010
Kilburn CRJ, Petley DN (2003) Forecasting giant, catastrophic slope collapse: lessons from Vajont, Northern Italy. Geomorphology 54:21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00052-7
Li DY, Zhu QQ, Zhou ZL, Li XB, Ranjith PG (2017) Fracture analysis of marble specimens with a hole under uniaxial compression by digital image correlation. Eng Fract Mech. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.05.035
Li DY, Han ZY, Sun XL, Zhou T, Li XB (2018) Dynamic mechanical properties and fracturing behavior of marble specimens containing single and double flaws in SHPB tests. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(6):1623–1643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1652-5
Li DY, Gao FH, Han ZY, Zhu QQ (2020) Experimental evaluation on rock failure mechanism with combined flaws in a connected geometry under coupled static-dynamic loads. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106088
Li P (2020) Study on failure mechanism and stability control of surrounding rock of underground openings in jointed rockmass under static and dynamic loading. PhD thesis, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing city, China. (In chinese)
Lin Q, Yuan H, Biolzi L (2014) Opening and mixed mode fracture processes in a quasi-brittle material via digital imaging. Eng Fract Mech 131:176–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.07.028
Liu G (2016) Experimental study of failure and acoustic emission properties of rock mass with multiple non-persistent joints. PhD thesis, WuHan University, Hubei province, China. (In chinese)
Liu LW, Li HB, Li XF, Wu RJ (2020) Full-field strain evolution and characteristic stress levels of rocks containing a single pre-existing flaw under uniaxial compression. Bull Eng Geol Environ 79(6):3145–3161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01764-4
Liu LW, Li HB, Li XF, Wu D, Zhang GK (2021) Underlying mechanisms of crack initiation for granitic rocks containing a single pre-existing flaw: insights from digital image correlation (dic) analysis. Rock Mech Rock Eng 54(2):857–873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02286-x
Martini CD, Read RS, Martino JB (1997) Observations of brittle failure around a circular test tunnel. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 34:1065–1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(97)90200-8
Pan B, Xie HM, Guo ZQ, Hua T (2007) Full-field strain measurement using a two-dimensional savitzky-golay digital differentiator in digital image correlation. Opt Eng 46(3):033601. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2714926
Pan B, Qian KM, Xie HM, Asundi A (2009) Topical review: two-dimensional digital image correlation for in-plane displacement and strain measurement: a review. Meas Sci Technol 20(6):152–154. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/20/6/062001
Park CH, Bobet A (2009) Crack coalescence in specimens with open and closed flaws: a comparison. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 46:819–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.02.006
Post G, Bonazzi D (1987) Latest thinking on the Malpasset accident. Eng Geol 24:339–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(87)90071-8
Shen B, Stephansson O, Einstein HH, Ghahreman B (1995) Coalescence of fractures under shear stresses in experiments. J Geophys Res 100:5975–5990. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00040
Wang LS (2007) Investigation on landslide of vajont reservoir in Italy. Chin J Geol Hazard Control 18(3):145–148. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-8035.2007.03.033. ((In chinese))
Wang QZ, Wu BB, Liu F, Xia KW, Wei W (2018) Dynamic failure of manufactured similar rock plate containing a single fissure. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 37(11):2489–2497. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2018.0746. ((In chinese))
Wang QZ, Xia KW, Wu BB, Xu Y, Liu F (2019) Dynamic Failure of Simulated Rock Mass Plate Containing Two Parallel Cracks. J Tianjin Univ sci Technol 52(10):1099–1108. https://doi.org/10.11784/tdxbz201811050. ((In chinese))
Wang QZ (2019) Crack growth in jointed rock-like material plate under dynamic loading: experimental observation and mechamism. PhD thesis, Tianjin University, Tianjin city, China. (In chinese)
Wong LNY, Einstein H (2006) Fracturing behavior of prismatic specimens containing single flaws. In: Proceedings of the 41st U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium - ARMA's Golden Rocks 2006–50 Years of Rock Mechanics. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241791971
Wong LNY, Einstein HH (2009) Systematic evaluation of cracking behavior in specimens containing single flaws under uniaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min 46(2):239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.03.006
Wong LNY, Xiong Q (2018) A method for multiscale interpretation of fracture processes in carrara marble specimen containing a single flaw under uniaxial compression. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 123:6459–6490. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015447
Yang SQ, Jing HW (2011) Strength failure and crack coalescence behavior of brittle sandstone samples containing a single fissure under uniaxial compression. Int J Fract 168:227–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-010-9576-4
Yang SQ, Jing HW, Wang SY (2012) Experimental investigation on the strength, deformability, failure behavior and acoustic emission locations of red sandstone under triaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45:583–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0208-8
Zhang H, Fu DH, Song HP, Kang YL, Huang GY, Qi G, Li JY (2015) Damage and fracture investigation of three-point bending notched sandstone beams by DIC and AE Techniques. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(3):1297–1303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0635-4
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully appreciate the invaluable suggestions from anonymous reviewers to help improve this manuscript. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 51934001 and 51374212).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gao, ZH., Li, Q., Huang, C. et al. Investigation on Mechanical and Failure Characteristics of Sandstone with Flaw. Geotech Geol Eng 42, 2169–2183 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02667-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02667-3