Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Engineering Geological Properties of Building Stones from the North-Eastern Part of the Vienna Basin in the Western Carpathians

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This research focuses on assessing the most important physical and mechanical properties of rocks that were quarried from the north-eastern part of the Vienna Basin in the Western Carpathians. Carbonate conglomerates and sandstones of Neogene sedimentary strata were assessed. The engineering geological rock properties were evaluated with support by sedimentological, petrological, as well as macro and micro-analyses. The sites, Chtelnica—Trianova and Chtelnica—Malé Skalky, Slovakia had been chosen long ago as an appropriate location for collecting material for monuments and restoration work. Samples for the assessment of rock properties were taken from either abandoned or operating quarries, as well as artificial rock cuts. The testing specimens, in the form of cubes and cylinders, were prepared from extracted monoliths, and the drilled cores were taken from a depth up to 1 m within the rock mass. Thin sections were made from just one drill core taken from each investigated site. The rock quality and durability were assessed by laboratory testing for the physical and mechanical properties of the rock samples. The tests were oriented to specific and bulk density, porosity, water absorption capacity, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) for dry and water-saturated rock samples and samples following repeated freeze–thaw cycles, the coefficient of softening, and the coefficient of freezing. All of the investigated rock samples showed different porosities and absorption capacities. They also varied in UCS values. The rocks mostly belong to the weak rock category (UCS below 50 MPa). Based on the results of this research, uniaxial strength properties, coefficient of softening and freezing, porosity, and water absorption capacity are considered the most relevant criteria for rock quality and durability assessment. Mutual relations in selected properties were compared and analysed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.

References

  • Bednarik M, Moshammer B, Heinrich M, Holzer R, Laho M, Rabeder J, Uhlir Ch, Untewurzacher M (2014) Engineering geological properties of Leitha Limestone from historical quarries in Burgenland and Styria, Austria. Eng Geol 176:66–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Began A, Hanáček J, Mello J, Salaj J (1984) Geological map of the Myjava Uplands, Brezovské and Čachtické Carpathians at a scale 1:50 000. State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr, Bratislava, Slovakia

  • Cicha I, Seneš J (1983) Egenburg (Eggenburgien). In: Andrusov D, Samuel O (eds) Stratigraphic Dictionary of the Western Carpathians. State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr, Bratislava, Slovakia, pp 282–283

  • ČSN 72 1800 (1987) Natural building stone for stone-cutting products. Technical requirements

  • ČSN 73 3251 (2012) Design of stone constructions

  • Dunham RJ (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Ham WE (ed) Classification of Carbonate Rocks. Am Assoc Pet Geol Mem, vol 1, pp 108–121

  • Embry AF, Klovan JE (1971) A late Devonian reef tract on north-eastern Banks Island, N.W.T. Bull Can Pet Geol 19(4):730–781

    Google Scholar 

  • Everett DH (1961) The thermodynamics of frost damage to porous solids. Trans Faraday Soc 57:1541. https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9615701541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folk RL (1980) Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill Publishing Company, Austin, p 184

    Google Scholar 

  • German technical requirements (2015) Working group Stone granularity, Free construction: Working Commitee; Paving cladding and board cladding. Working sphere: Adaptation of TL cladding -StB and ZTV cladding StB, Issued 2006/Version 2015 (Holger Lorenzl)

  • Hirschwald J (1908) Die Prüfung der natürlichen Bausteine auf ihre Wetterfeständigkeit. W. Ernst & Sohn.

  • Hók J, Littva J, Šujan M, Šamajová L, Šujan M, Šipka F (2018) Geological structure of the Dobrá Voda seismoactive area (western Slovakia). AGEOS 10(2):143–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzer R, Bednarik M, Laho M (2014) Are the rocks of the Brezovské Karpaty Mts. suitable for construction and decoration purpose? AGEOS 6(1):13–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornáčková A (2009) Occurrence and mining of Baranec sandstones around Dobra Voda. Acta Facultatis Paedagogicae Universitatis Tyrnaviensis 2009:123–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornáčková A (2017) Dobrá Voda stone. Typi Universitatis Tyrnaviensis and VEDA, SAV, Bratislava

  • Kabina P, Grófová M, Šajgalík P, Januš J, Urban V, Mokráš L (1981) Final report of resource calculation Chtelnica – Malé Skalky. Manuskript, Geofond, State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr, Bratislava

  • Kováč M, Baráth I, Harzhauser M, Hlavatý I, Hudáčková N (2004) Miocene depositional systems and sequence stratigraphy of the Vienna Basin. Cour Forsch Senck 246:187–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Kováč M, Hudáčková N, Hlavatá J, Sopková B, Andrejeva-Grigorovič A, Halásová E, Kováčová M, Kováčová P, Sliva Ľ, Baráth I (2008) Miocene sediments in boreholes from the Záhorská lowland region: sedimentology, biostratigraphic classification and deposition environment. Geol Works 114:7–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Kováč M, Márton E, Oszczypko N, Vojtko R, Hók J, Králiková S, Plašienka D, Klučiar T, Hudáčková N, Oszczypko-Clowes M (2017) Neogene palaeogeography and basin evolution of the Western Carpathians, Northern Pannonian domain and adjoining areas. Glob Plan Chan 155:133–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nahálka A, Grófová M (1978) Dobrá voda basin. Decoration stone. Manuscript Geofond State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr, Bratislava, Slovakia

  • Pivko D (2009) Significant rocks used as worked stones in historical monuments of Slovakia. Miner Slovaca 42:241–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Pivko D (2018) Extraction methods in historical quarries in Slovakia and nearby areas for dressed stone products. AGEOS 10(2):105–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Pivko D (2008) Decoration and building stone of Trnava churches. Sights of Trnava and Trnava region. Trnava, pp 39–46

  • Powers TC (1945) A Working hypothesis for further studies of frost resistance of concrete. In: Journal Proceedings- American Concrete Institute

  • Rohatsch A (2005) Neogene Bau- und Dekorgesteine Niederösterreichs und des Burgenlandes. In: “Junge” Kalke, Sandsteine und Konglomerate – Neogen (eds Schwaighofer B, Eppensteiner W). Mitteilungen IAG BOKU, pp 9–56

  • Rohatsch A (2007) Kaisersteinbruch: Leithakalk in bester Qualität (ed Hofmann T). Verlag Dr. F. Pfeil, München, pp 172–173

  • Rohatsch A (2012) Verwendung und gesteinsphysikalische Eigenschaften burgenländischer Leithakalke. In: Hoprich M, Tschach M (eds) Als das Burgenland noch am Meer lag. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten aus dem Burgenland, vol 142, pp 38–50

  • Romana M, Vásárhelyi B (2007) A discussion on the decrease of unconfined compressive strength between saturated and dry rock samples. In: Proceedings of the 11 ISRM Congress Lisboa At: Lisboa Volume: I, pp 139–142

  • Ruedrich J, Bartelsen T, Dohrmann R, Siegesmund S (2011) Moisture expansion as a deterioration factor for sandstone used in buildings. Environ Earth Sci 63:1545–1564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0767-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer GW (1999) Crystallization in pores. Cem Concr Res 29:1347–1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00002-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selim HH, Karakaş A, Coruk Ö (2019) Investigation of engineering properties for usability of Lefke stone (Osmanely/Bilecik) as building stone. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:6047–6059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steiger M (2005a) Crystal growth in porous materials—I: the crystallization pressure of large crystals. J Cryst Growth 282:455–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.05.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steiger M (2005b) Crystal growth in porous materials—II: influence of crystal size on the crystallization pressure. J Cryst Growth 282:470–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.05.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steiger M, Charola AE, Sterflinger K (2014) Stone in Architecture. In: Siegesmund S, Snethlage R (eds) Stone in Architecture: Properties. Springer, Durability, pp 225–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14475-2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • STN 72 1800 (1987) Natural building stone for stone cutting purposes. Technical requirements. SOSMT.

  • STN EN 12371 (2010) Natural stone test methods. Determination of frost resistance. SOSMT

  • STN EN 13755 (2008) Natural stone test methods. Determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure. SOSMT

  • STN EN 1926 (2007) Natural stone test methods. Determination of uniaxial compressive strength. SOSMT

  • STN EN 1936 (2007) Natural stone test methods. Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity. SOSMT.

  • Taghipour M, Nikudel MR, Farhadian MB (2016) Engineering properties and durability of limestones used in Persepolis complex, Iran, against acid solutions. Bull Eng Geol Environ 75:967–978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walder J, Hallet B (1985) A theoretical model of the fracture of rock during freezing. Geol Soc Am Bull 96:336–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright VP (1992) A revised classification of limestones. Sedimentary geology, vol 76. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 177–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Xeidakis GS, Samaras IS (1996) Durability of a sandstone used as a principal building and decorative material in ancient Abdera, Xanthi, N. Greece. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 54:137–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang D, Gamage RP, Perera MSA, Zhang Ch, Wanniarachchi WM (2017) Influence of water saturation on the mechanical behaviour of low-permeability reservoir rocks. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10020236

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was partially supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contracts Nos. APVV-0129-12 and APVV-16-0146 and the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (VEGA) Nos. 1/0205/18 and 2/0013/20.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering Geology, Hydrogeology and Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Martin Bednarik, Rudolf Holzer & Rudolf Tornyai

  2. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Daniel Pivko

  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Trnava University in Trnava, Priemyselná 4, 918 43, Trnava, Slovakia

    Alžbeta Hornáčková

Authors
  1. Martin Bednarik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rudolf Holzer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniel Pivko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rudolf Tornyai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alžbeta Hornáčková
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Bednarik.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bednarik, M., Holzer, R., Pivko, D. et al. Engineering Geological Properties of Building Stones from the North-Eastern Part of the Vienna Basin in the Western Carpathians. Geotech Geol Eng 40, 3287–3305 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02093-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02093-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation