Abstract
Due to the economic and tourist importance of Bandar-e Anzali coastal zone and also the high seismic risk in this area, this article provides an experimental seismic study using shaking table test on the sandy soil of Bandar-e Anzali. Modeling the laboratory conditions and applying seismic forces were carried out using a transparent tank on a shaking. Additionally, digital instrumentations of horizontal displacement transducers, pore water pressure gauge and data entry device via computer were used. In this study, data collection was conducted by creating saturated samples with relative densities of 20%, 30% and 50% and accelerations of 0.15 g, 0.3 g and 0.53 g and the variation of pore water pressure, horizontal displacement and settlements were measured. The results indicate the high effect of input acceleration on the occurrence of liquefaction and amount of the settlements, especially in low relative density. The effect of higher density on reducing the liquefaction potential and settlement is also significant.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmadi H, Eslami A, Arabani M (2015) Characterization of sedimentary anzali sand for static and seismic studies purposes. Int J Geogr Geol 4(10):155–169
Asefi A, Eslami A, Lashten MAN (2009) Investigation of anzali harbor sand behavior using a glass tank and a vibration table. Sharif J Civ Eng 25(48):15–22
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (2000) Standard test methods for minimum index density and unit weight of soils and calculation of relative density. ASTM International, West Conshohocken
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (2007) Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (2010) Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. ASTM International, West Conshohocken
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (2014) Standard test methods for maximum index density and unit weight of soils using a vibratory table. ASTM International, West Conshohocken
Berberian M, Yeats RS (2001) Contribution of archaeological data to studies of earthquake history in the iranian plateau. J Struct Geol 23(2):563–584
Choobbasti AJ, Vafaei A, Kutanaei SS (2015) Mechanical properties of sandy soil improved with cement and nanosilica. Open Eng 5(1):111–116
Farrokhzad F (2016) Depth reduction factor assessment for evaluation of cyclic stress ratio based on site response analysis. Adv Syst Sci Appl 16(3):33–51
Haeri SM and Zolfaghary MR (1992) On the earthquake induced liquefaction in astaneh, Iran. Proceedings of the tenth world conference on earthquake engineering, July, Madrid, Spain, 129–134
Huang Y, Yu M (2013) Review of soil liquefaction characteristics during major earthquakes of the twenty-first century. Nat Hazards 65(3):2375–2384
Ishihara K (1996) Soil behavior in earthquake geotechnics. Oxford University Press, U.S
Ishihara K, Haeri SM, Moinfar AA, Towhata I, Tsujino S (1992) Geotechnical aspects of the june 20, 1990 Manjil earthquake in Iran. Soils Found 32(3):61–78
Koga Y, Matsuo O (1990) Shaking table tests of embankments resting on liquefiable sandy ground. Soils Found 30(4):162–174
Kramer SL (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Prentice Hall, Upper saddle River, New Jersey, U.S
Ling XZ, Gao X, Tang L, Xu PJ and Wu LQ (2009) Shake table test on seismic response of non-free liquefiable site. Ninth International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals (ICCTP), August, Harbin, China, 2569–2576
Liu L, Dobry R (1997) Seismic response of shallow foundation on liquefiable sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 123(6):557–567
Mogami T, Kubo K (1953) The behaviour of soil during vibration. In: Proceedings of the third international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, August, Switzerland, pp 152–155
Owen G (1996) Experimental soft-sediment deformation: structures formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples. Sedimentology 43(2):279–293
Ozener PT, Ozaydin K, Berilgen MM (2009) Investigation of liquefaction and pore water pressure development in layered sands. Bull Earthq Eng 7(1):199–219
Ueng TS (2006) Inference of behavior of saturated sandy soils during earthquakes from laboratory experiments. J GeoEng 1(1):1–9
Ueng TS, Lee CA (2015) Pore pressure generation in saturated sand induced by one-and two-dimensional shakings. J GeoEng 10(2):53–61
Ueng TS, Wang MH, Chen MH, Chen CH, Peng LH (2006) A large biaxial shear box for shaking table test on saturated sand. Geotech Test J 29(1):1–8
Ueng TS, Wu CW, Cheng HW, Chen CH (2010) Settlements of saturated clean sand deposits in shaking table tests. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 30(1):50–60
Varghese RM and Latha GM (2014) Shaking table studies on the conditions of sand liquefaction. Geo-Congress 2014 Technical Papers: Geo-characterization and Modeling for Sustainability, February, Atlanta, Georgia, 1244–1253
Varghese RM, Latha GM (2014) Shaking table tests to investigate the influence of various factors on the liquefaction resistance of sands. Nat Hazards 73(3):1337–1351
Yegian MK, Ghahraman VG, Nogole-Sadat MAA and Daraie H (1993) Liquefaction case histories from 1990 Manjil, Iran, earthquake. Third International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, June, St. Louis, Missouri, 613–617
Zhou J, Jiang J, Chen X (2015) Micro-and macro-observations of liquefaction of saturated sand around buried structures in centrifuge shaking table tests. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 72:1–11
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Farrokhzad, F., Golpour, E., Taghavinezhad, M. et al. Experimental Study on the Sand of Bandar-e Anzali Using Shaking Table. Geotech Geol Eng 39, 5665–5674 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-01853-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-01853-5