Abstract
This paper presents the results of shaking table model tests which were carried out to investigate the pore water pressure generation and related liquefaction mechanism in layered sand deposits. The experiments were performed on uniform sand columns, silt interlayered sand columns and two layered sand columns deposited at various relative densities and subjected to different input excitations. During the experiments excess pore water pressures were measured by pore pressure transducers installed at three different depths and, surface settlements and thickness of water film developed under less permeable inclusions were measured by a digital camera. The experimental results are discussed and compared to demonstrate the effects of relative density, input acceleration and presence of a silt seam on the generation of excess pore water pressure in sand deposits subjected to dynamic loading. The results showed that the presence of a less permeable silt interlayer within the sand deposit and existence of a loose sand layer underlying dense sand deposits can have significant effect on the pore water pressure generation mechanism.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adalier K (1992) Post-liquefaction behavior of soil systems. MS thesis dissertation, Renssealer Polytechnic Institute, Troy
Arulanandan K, Scott RF (1993) VELACS: verification of liquefaction analysis by centrifuge studies, Vol 1, 2. Conference proceedings, Davis, California, October, Balkema
ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials (1991) Annual book of ASTM Standards, Sect 4, Vol 04.08, Philadelphia
Balakrishnan A, Kutter BL (1999) Settlement, sliding and liquefaction remediation of layered soil. J Geotech Eng 125(11): 968–978
Brennan AJ, Madabhushi SPG (2005) Liquefaction and drainage in stratified soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 131(7): 876–884. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:7(876)
Dobry R, Tabaoada V, Liu L (1995) Modelling of liquefaction effects during earthquakes. Proceedings of 1st international conference on earthquake geotechnical engineering, Balkema, Vol 2, pp 1291–1324
Elgamal AW, Dobry R, Adalıer K (1989) Small scale shaking table tests of saturated layered sand-silt deposits. 2nd U.S.-Japan workshop on soil liquefaction, Buffalo, NCEER Rep. No. 89-0032, pp 233–245
Fiegel GL, Kutter BL (1994) Liquefaction mechanism for layered soils. J Geotech Eng 120(4): 737–755. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:4(737)
Huishan L, Taiping Q (1984) Liquefaction potential of saturated sand deposits underlying foundation of structure. Proceedings of 8th world conference earthquake engineering, Prentice Hall, pp 199–206
Kokusho T (1999) Water film in liquefied sand and its effects on lateral spread. J Geotech Eng 125(10): 817–826
Kokusho T, Fujita K (2001) Waterfilms involved in post liquefaction flowfailure in Niigata City during the 1964 Niigata earthquake. Proceedings of 4th international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics, Paper No. 5.38, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla
Kokusho T, Kojima T (2002) Mechanism for postliquefaction water film generation in layered sand. J Geotech Eng 128(2): 129–137
Özener Tohumcu P (2007) Investigation of liquefaction and postliquefaction behavior of layered sands during earthquakes by means of model tests. Ph.D thesis dissertation, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul
Özener Tohumcu P, Berilgen M, Özaydin K (2006) Investigation of liquefaction in layered sands by means of shaking table tests. In: The 6th international conference in geotechnics (6th ICMPG), Hong Kong, Vol 1, pp 475–480
Scott RF, Zuckerman KA (1972) Sandblows and liquefaction in the Great Alaskan Earthquake of 1964. Engineering publication 1606, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., pp 170–189
Steedman RS (2001) Dynamic centrifuge modeling of deep-seated liquefaction in clean sands. In: Proceedings of XVth ICSMGE TC4 satellite conference on lessons learned from recent strong earthquakes, İstanbul, Turkey, 25 Aug 2001
Steedman RS, Sharp M (1995) Liquefaction of deep saturated sands under high effective confining stress. In: Duma G (ed) Proceedings of 4th international conference on earth engineering, Balkema, pp 441–446
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tohumcu Özener, P., Özaydın, K. & Berilgen, M.M. Investigation of liquefaction and pore water pressure development in layered sands. Bull Earthquake Eng 7, 199–219 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9076-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9076-3