Abstract
A 90-day experiment was conducted to explore the effects of creatine on growth performance, liver health status, metabolites, and gut microbiota in Megalobrama amblycephala. There were 6 treatments as follows: control (CD, 29.41% carbohydrates), high carbohydrate (HCD, 38.14% carbohydrates), betaine (BET, 1.2% betaine + 39.76% carbohydrates), creatine 1 (CRE1, 0.5% creatine + 1.2% betaine + 39.29% carbohydrates), creatine 2 (CRE2, 1% creatine + 1.2% betaine + 39.50% carbohydrates), and creatine 3 (CRE3, 2% creatine + 1.2% betaine + 39.44% carbohydrates). The results showed that supplementing creatine and betaine together reduced the feed conversion ratio significantly (P < 0.05, compared to CD and HCD) and improved liver health (compared to HCD). Compared with the BET group, dietary creatine significantly increased the abundances of Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, ZOR0006, and Bacteroides and decreased the abundances of Proteobacteria, Fusobacteriota, Vibrio, Crenobacter, and Shewanella in the CRE1 group. Dietary creatine increased the content of taurine, arginine, ornithine, γ-aminobutyric acid (g-ABA), and creatine (CRE1 vs. BET group) and the expression of creatine kinase (ck), sulfinoalanine decarboxylase (csad), guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (gamt), glycine amidinotransferase (gatm), agmatinase (agmat), diamine oxidase1 (aoc1), and glutamate decarboxylase (gad) in the CRE1 group. Overall, these results suggested that dietary supplementation of creatine (0.5–2%) did not affect the growth performance, but it altered the gut microbial composition at the phylum and genus levels, which might be beneficial to the gut health of M. amblycephala; dietary creatine also increased the serum content of taurine by enhancing the expressions of ck and csad and increased the serum content of g-ABA by enhancing the arginine content and the expressions of gatm, agmat, gad, and aoc1.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the members of the following institutions for their help: College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, and Shanghai Majorbio Bio-Pharm Technology Co., Ltd.
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This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2662021SCPY002) and Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31401976).
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The authors’ responsibilities were as follows: Yuhua Zhao and Juntao Li designed the research; Yizhuo Hua, Fan Wang, and Wangwang Huang performed the research; Yuhua Zhao, Juntao Li, and Qingchao Wang provided the materials; Yizhuo Hua, Fan Wang, and Zhao Jing completed the sampling; Yizhuo Hua collected and analyzed the data; Yizhuo Hua drafted the manuscript; Yizhuo Hua contributed to data interpretation, wrote parts of the manuscript, and revised it critically for important intellectual content. Yizhuo Hua had the primary responsibility for the final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University (ethical code: HZAUFI-2016–009). All animal-handling procedures and experiments were conducted under the Guidance of the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals in China (No. F20190101).
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Hua, Y., Huang, W., Wang, F. et al. Metabolites, gene expression, and gut microbiota profiles suggest the putative mechanisms via which dietary creatine increases the serum taurine and g-ABA contents in Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish Physiol Biochem 49, 253–274 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-023-01177-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-023-01177-6