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CAGIRE: a wide-field NIR imager for the COLIBRI 1.3 meter robotic telescope

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Abstract

The use of high energy transients such as Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) as probes of the distant universe relies on the close collaboration between space and ground facilities. In this context, the Sino-French mission SVOM has been designed to combine a space and a ground segment and to make the most of their synergy. On the ground, the 1.3 meter robotic telescope COLIBRI, jointly developed by France and Mexico, will quickly point the sources detected by the space hard X-ray imager ECLAIRs, in order to detect and localise their visible/NIR counterpart and alert large telescopes in minutes. COLIBRI is equipped with two visible cameras, called DDRAGO-blue and DDRAGO-red, and an infrared camera, called CAGIRE, designed for the study of high redshift GRBs candidates. Being a low-noise NIR camera mounted at the focus of an alt-azimutal robotic telescope imposes specific requirements on CAGIRE. We describe here the main characteristics of the camera: its optical, mechanical and electronics architecture, the ALFA detector, and the operation of the camera on the telescope. The instrument description is completed by three sections presenting the calibration strategy, an image simulator incorporating known detector effects, and the automatic reduction software for the ramps acquired by the detector. This paper aims at providing an overview of the instrument before its installation on the telescope.

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Notes

  1. The differential ramp is the ramp made by the succession of the differences between two consecutive frames.

  2. We call ramp non-linearity, the deviation of counts in a ramp from a straight line. This deviation is mostly due to the increase of pixel capacitance with the growing number of charges accumulated in a pixel. We call flux non-linearity, the fact that the linear extrapolation of a ramp is not exactly proportional to the flux received by the pixel.

  3. the Reionization And Transients InfraRed camera.

  4. The view expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Space Agency.

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Acknowledgements

CAGIRE is partly funded by the French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES). The PhD contract of A. Nouvel de la Flèche is financed by CNES and LYNRED. The development of the ALFA detector has been funded by ESA contract 22949/09/NL/CP. We are grateful to ESA for the loan of an ALFA detector to the CAGIRE project (the view expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Space Agency). This work has been partially supported by the LabEx FOCUS ANR-11-LABX-0013. The calibration data used in the ALFA detector section of this paper were acquired at CEA. We acknowledge the Observatorio Astronómico Nacional and the Instituto de Astronomía of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México for providing data acquired with the RATIR instrument for the validation of the Preproc. We particularly thank Alan Watson for the data acquisition and Nathaniel Butler for useful advice on the preprocessing. We would like to thank two IRAP engineers who had a significant contribution to CAGIRE before their retirement: Francis Beigbeder and Patrick Couderc. Softare: Matplotlib [31], numpy [32].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, UPS, 31401, Toulouse, France

    Alix Nouvel de la Flèche, Jean-Luc Atteia, Jérémie Boy, Alain Klotz, Arthur Langlois, Marie Larrieu, Romain Mathon, Hervé Valentin & Philippe Ambert

  2. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

    Jean-Claude Clemens, Damien Dornic, Eric Kajfasz, Jean Le Graët, Olivier Llido & Aurélia Secroun

  3. CEA-IRFU, Orme des Merisiers, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Olivier Boulade & Ayoub Bounab

  4. CEA-LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France

    Giacomo Badano & Olivier Gravrand

  5. LYNRED, 364 Av. de Valence, 38113, Veurey-Voroize, France

    Sébastien Aufranc, Adrien Lamoure, Lilian Martineau & Laurent Rubaldo

  6. CNES, 18 Av. Edouard Belin, 31401, Toulouse, France

    Hervé Geoffray & François Gonzalez

  7. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

    Stéphane Basa, François Dolon, Johan Floriot & Simona Lombardo

  8. Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-264, 04510, CDMX, México

    Salvador Cuevas, Alejandro Farah, Jorge Fuentes, Rosalía Langarica & Alan M. Watson

  9. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, PO Box 871404, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA

    Nathaniel Butler

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  1. Alix Nouvel de la Flèche
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  35. Nathaniel Butler
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alix Nouvel de la Flèche.

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Financial statement

The PhD contract of A. Nouvel de la Flèche is financed by CNES and LYNRED. The development of the ALFA detector has been funded by ESA contract 22949/09/NL/CP. This work has been partially supported by the LabEx FOCUS ANR-11-LABX-0013.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

Appendix A

Fig. 24
figure 24

Diagram of the overall electronics architecture

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1.1 A.1 Diagram of the overall electronics architecture

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Nouvel de la Flèche, A., Atteia, JL., Boy, J. et al. CAGIRE: a wide-field NIR imager for the COLIBRI 1.3 meter robotic telescope. Exp Astron 56, 645–685 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-023-09903-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-023-09903-x

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