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Background simulations for the Large Area Detector onboard LOFT

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Abstract

The Large Observatory For X-ray Timing (LOFT), currently in an assessment phase in the framework the ESA M3 Cosmic Vision programme, is an innovative medium-class mission specifically designed to answer fundamental questions about the behaviour of matter, in the very strong gravitational and magnetic fields around compact objects and in supranuclear density conditions. Having an effective area of ∼10 m2 at 8 keV, LOFT will be able to measure with high sensitivity very fast variability in the X-ray fluxes and spectra. A good knowledge of the in-orbit background environment is essential to assess the scientific performance of the mission and optimize the design of its main instrument, the Large Area Detector (LAD). In this paper the results of an extensive Geant-4 simulation of the instrumentwillbe discussed, showing the main contributions to the background and the design solutions for its reduction and control. Our results show that the current LOFT/LAD design is expected to meet its scientific requirement of a background rate equivalent to 10 mCrab in 2‒30 keV, achieving about 5 mCrab in the most important 2–10 keV energy band. Moreover, simulations show an anticipated modulation of the background rate as small as 10 % over the orbital timescale. The intrinsic photonic origin of the largest background component also allows for an efficient modelling, supported by an in-flight active monitoring, allowing to predict systematic residuals significantly better than the requirement of 1 %, and actually meeting the 0.25 % science goal.

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Notes

  1. http://space-env.esa.int/index.php/ECSS-10-4.html

  2. https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/Geant4/LoweMigratedLivermore

  3. See the Geant-4 Physics Reference Manual for more details.

  4. http://reat.space.qinetiq.com/gps/

  5. http://www.nist.gov

  6. http://henke.lbl.gov/optical_constants

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the anonymous referee whose helpful comments greatly improved the text, and to Alessandra De Rosa for useful discussions. We acknowledge financial support from ASI/INAF contract I/021/12/0. RC furthermore acknowledge support from INAF Tecno-PRIN 2009 grant.

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  1. Riccardo Campana

    Present address: INAF/IASF-Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy

Authors and Affiliations

  1. INAF/IAPS, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Roma, Italy

    Riccardo Campana, Marco Feroci & Ettore Del Monte

  2. INFN/Sezione di Roma 2, viale della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Roma, Italy

    Riccardo Campana, Marco Feroci & Ettore Del Monte

  3. INAF/IASF-Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy

    Teresa Mineo

  4. DTU-Space, Elektrovej Bld. 327, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark

    Niels Lund

  5. Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, LE17RH, Leicester, UK

    George W. Fraser

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Campana, R., Feroci, M., Del Monte, E. et al. Background simulations for the Large Area Detector onboard LOFT. Exp Astron 36, 451–477 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-013-9341-6

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