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Biogeography of Neotropical Rainforests: past connections between Amazon and Atlantic Forest detected by ecological niche modeling

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Abstract

During Paleogene the Neotropical region was mainly covered by rainforests and ancient Amazon (AM) and Atlantic Forest (AF) were continuous and interconnected. The Andean uplift and drastic climate changes along the Eocene/Miocene resulted in the formation of a drier area separating AM from AF. However, multiple evidences have indicated recurrent connections between Neotropical rainforests during Quaternary. In this study we predict biogeographical connections between Neotropical Forests during the last glacial maximum (LGM—21 ka) and establish the climatic conditions that favored such connections. We tested if the general climatic conditions suitable to both Amazon (AM) and AF were uniform across current Cerrado and Caatinga areas or did subsets of these climatic spaces have independent spatial displacements connecting specific regions of AM and AF. For these, 50 occurrence points equidistant in the climatic space were sampled along the western and eastern AM and northern and southern AF and used to built ecological niche models (ENM) for each region. Potential distributions were predicted for the current and the LGM climatic scenarios using an ensemble approach. The ENMs detected the disjunct distribution of the two Neotropical rainforests in the present and showed three main connections during LGM: (1) climate suitable to western AM were detected along the northern coast of Brazil, overlapping the putative distribution of northern AF; (2) climates suitable to southern AF, northern AF and western AM were detected along the area now occupied by southern limits of the Caatinga and (3) the climate suitable to southern AF was found at the south limits of the eastern AM. Our findings suggest that subsets of both AM and AF may be considered distinct biogeographical units as implied by different responses to climate changes.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Fapesp (research Grant 12/02526-7 to VNS), FAPEG (grants to MSL) and CNPq (graduate scholarship to TSS). The authors thank Luiz Filipe de Macedo Bartoleti and Elen Arroyo Peres for helpful comments on the manuscript; and three anonymous referees for comments and suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Program in Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Thadeu Sobral-Souza

  2. Macroecology Lab, University of Goias, UFG-Campus Jataí, Goiânia, GO, Brazil

    Matheus S. Lima-Ribeiro

  3. Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Thadeu Sobral-Souza & Vera Nisaka Solferini

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  1. Thadeu Sobral-Souza
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  2. Matheus S. Lima-Ribeiro
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  3. Vera Nisaka Solferini
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Correspondence to Vera Nisaka Solferini.

Electronic supplementary material

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10682_2015_9780_MOESM1_ESM.png

Fig S1. Geographically filtered points, in Amazon and Atlantic Forest subsets, for niche models development. (PNG 234 kb)

10682_2015_9780_MOESM2_ESM.png

Fig S2. Comparison between models based in geographically and environmentally filtered points. A – Current and 21 ka distribution models of Neotropical Forests based on geographically filtered points and B- Current and 21 ka distribution models of Neotropical Forests based on environmentally filtered points. (PNG 320 kb)

10682_2015_9780_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Fig S3. Sensitivity analysis between geographically and environmentally filtered points using TSS (True Skill Statistic) values. (TIFF 65 kb)

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Sobral-Souza, T., Lima-Ribeiro, M.S. & Solferini, V.N. Biogeography of Neotropical Rainforests: past connections between Amazon and Atlantic Forest detected by ecological niche modeling. Evol Ecol 29, 643–655 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-015-9780-9

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