Abstract
Masquerading prey closely resemble inedible objects found in the same locality. These animals gain protection from their predators by causing their predators to misclassify them as the inedible ‘models’ that they appear to resemble. We recently demonstrated that predators are more likely to misclassify masquerading prey as their models when masqueraders are viewed in isolation from their models than when they are viewed simultaneously with examples of their models. Using domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) as predators and the twig-mimicking caterpillars of the Early Thorn Moth (Selenia dentaria) as prey, we tested whether this effect was influenced by the relative orientations of models and masqueraders; and the distance from which models and masqueraders could be viewed simultaneously. We found no effect of orientation, but that the cost to masqueraders of being viewed simultaneously with an example of the model declined as the distance between the model and masquerader increased. These results are interpreted in terms of animal cognition, and their implications for the evolutionary ecology of masquerade.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Hannah Rowland, Jon Delf and Leoni de Wert for their help with obtaining and rearing caterpillars; and Candy Rowe for her useful comments on the manuscript. This work was funded by NERC Grant NE/E016626/1, and a start-up fund awarded to JS by the University of Exeter.
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Supplementary material 1 (TIFF 16 kb) Figure S1 The mean and standard deviation of the latency to attack the branch in the first experience manipulation trial in Experiment1 (N = 10 for each experimental group)
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Supplementary material 2 (TIFF 31 kb) Figure S2 The mean number of times that chicks pecked the branch in each of the four experience manipulation trials in Experiment 1 (N = 10 for each experimental group)
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Supplementary material 3 (TIFF 20 kb) Figure S3 The mean and standard deviation of the latency to attack the branch in the first experience manipulation trial in Experiment 2 (N = 8 for each experimental group)
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Supplementary material 4 (TIFF 33 kb) Figure S4 The mean number of times that chicks pecked the branch in each of the four experience manipulation trials in Experiment 2 (N = 8 for each experimental group)
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Skelhorn, J., Ruxton, G.D. Viewing distance affects how the presence of inedible models influence the benefit of masquerade. Evol Ecol 28, 441–455 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-013-9683-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-013-9683-6